Science of Hadith

Science of Hadith
Part 1
Part 2

This is from the curriculum of Semester 3 from Knowledge International University (KIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Part 1

"People who reject Hadeeth are those who lack knowledge in Hadeeth"
"If Allaah have not blessed this ummmah with any science except Usool al Hadeeth, then this will be sufficient as a proof for Islaam"

Subhanallaah, these are some of the amazing quotes regarding study of Usool al Hadeeth. Usool al Hadeeth, without a doubt, is a science came to protect this deen. After all they say "No one’s life history has been protected like that of the Prophet (sallalahualayhi wasallaam)" Alhamdulillaah, the credit goes again to Usool al Hadeeth.

In studying this noble science with KIU, I made some notes taking from the classes of Shaykh Shafiq Flynn (Hafidhahullaah). I am posting here in two parts:

Course Objective

To familiarize the student with the proofs for the authority Hadeeth and its relationship to Quran

To acquaint the student with the historical influences in the development of Hadeeth criticism

To give the student a clear framework for understanding the nature of the methods and the processes of the Muhadithun

To familiarize students with the methodology for dealing with apparently contradictory evidence

To acquaint the student with the present culmination of earlier initiatives through textual readings of the books of Hadeeth

Chapter 1: Introduction to Usool al Hadeeth

A. Definition of Usool al Hadeeth:

a. Asl: Foundation on which something is built

b. Hadeeth: words, actions, taqreer, Sifat of Muhammad

c. Usool al Hadeeth is the science investigates foundation upon which hadeeth rest upon which includes chain of narrators, text and so on

B. Objectives:

a. To present introductory information so that student can understand Hadeeth discourse

b. To give general knowledge about different components of sciences of Hadeeth

C. Definition of Hadeeth:

a. Linguistic: To speak/ To talk

i. Communication (68:4)

ii. Story (20:9)

iii. Speech (66:33)

b. Technical: Words, Actions, Taqreer (decisions), Sifat (Moral/Physical Characteristics) of Muhammad

D. Definition of Sunnah

a. Linguistic: Path

b. Technical: Way of Muhammad

E. Is Sunnah and Hadeeth are Synonymous?

a. Sunnah and Hadeeth are synonymous in the perspective that it is attributed to Muhammad (SAW)

b. Sunnah actually means physical application/Implementation of Sharee’ah

c. This is because Prophet said "alaikum bi sunnathi wa sunnathi khulafa rashideena, mahdeena, mimba’deena" and which includes Sunnah of Khulafa Rashideen

F. Authority of Sunnah

a. Qur’aan 4:64

b. Qur’aan 53:3,4

d. Qur’aan 4:59

e. Qur’aan 3:31

f. Qur’aan 72:23

g. Hadeeth has never been a controversial source of Islaam

h. Hadeeth and Qur’aan never contradict each other as both are from same sources

G. Hadeeth Complements Qur’aan – Functions of Hadeeth

a. Hadeeth confirms Qur’aan

i. Hadeeth on pillars of Islaam which confirms 2:184

b. Hadeeth explains Qur’aan

i. Hadeeth of how to pray explains 2:83

c. Hadeeth shows exceptions of the Qur’aan

i. 4:11 doesn’t apply to the messengers

d. Hadeeth explains certain terms in Qur’aan

i. Explanation of 6:82 by means of 31:13

e. Hadeeth abrogates earlier injunctions of Qur’aan

i. Stages of forbidding intoxicants

ii. 2:180 – Waseeah needed for all. Hadeeth says it is not required for the default inheritors

iii. This function is stimuli for Muhadeethun to get into the field of Usool al Hadeeth

Chapter 2: History of Recording of Hadeeth

A. Introductory Comment:

a. Nothing happens in Isolation in Historical perspective

b. History of hadeeth recording started with History of Message of Islaam as definition of Hadeeth tells us that sayings/actions/approval/physical characteristics of Muhammad (s)

B. 62:2 – Was all the Arabs unlettered ones?

a. Qur’aan was preserved in text form by Sahaabah’s

b. Battle of Badr – Ransom is teaching

c. Treaty of Hudhaybiah was documented

d. This tells us that preservation is not only in memory but also documented

C. Why hadeeth was not recorded in the first stage of Islaam?

a. Initial Ban on documenting – Fearing people will mess-up with Qur’aan

i. Prophet: "Do not write anything other than the Qur’aan. Teach my hadeeth verbally. Whosoever fabricates over me will have his seat reserved in hell fire" (Sahih Muslim)

b. Ban lifted – When recording of Qur’aan was established

i. Trap the knowledge. Write it down

c. Wisdom behind Initial Ban:

i. Qur’aan is not accused of being contaminated with Hadeeth

ii. Sahaabah’s focused lot on Qur’aan because of this

iii. As Sunnah is more of explanation of Qur’aan, one need to focus on Qur’aan first

D. Early Written Records:

a. Abullaah ibn Amr ibn al-Aas recorded "Do I have to write even when you are angry?"

b. Abdullah ibn Saeed ibn al-Aas

c. Saad ibn Ubadah al Ansaaree

d. Jabir ibn Abdullaah

e. Abdullaah ibn Abbas

f. Saheefa ibn Saadiqa recorded during the time of Prophet

E. System and attitude towards Recording

a. Time of Khulafa Rashideen – Order to write remained absent

i. Abu Bakr – He never accepted Hadeeth without witness

ii. Umar ibn al khattab – He never sanctioned Hadeeth recording in books fearing it will undermine the Qur’aan and he feared our religion will become the religion of others where Prophet’s words were mixed up. He spent one month of Istikhaara on this.

b. Time of Tabieen and Tabe Tabieen:

i. Many of the Scholars refrained from documenting, sticking with the traditional approach of Oral transmissions but some Scholars documented

ii. Khalifa Umar ibn Abdul Azeez first officially commissioned written recording of the Hadeeth

iii. It was not his personal opinion but resolve of his discussion with Scholars

iv. He ordered Scholar in Madeenah, Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad ibn Hazm

v. Scholar of Hijaz, Ibn Shihaab az Zuhri also requested by the Khalifa

vi. After that, Ibn Shurayj, Ibn Ishaaq, Malik ibn Anas, Sufyan ath Thaure, Al Awzae, Abdullaah ibn Mubarak, Layth ibn Saad become forerunner in Hadeeth literature

vii. These Scholars never focused on other conditions of Saheeh rather Ittisal as sanad alone

viii. Their works are called Musannaf

F. Early Hadeeth Literature

a. Mussanid (Name of the narrator) work started and compiled by

i. Ahmad

ii. Abdullah ibn Abassi

iii. Albasari

iv. Al umuwi

b. Sihah work started

i. Muhammad ibn Ismael al Bukhaaree

ii. Muslim

iii. Ibn Majah

iv. Abu Dawood

v. Tirimithee

vi. An Nasaee

vii. These books were compiled based on conditions and fiqh based

c. Tangent – When the contamination Started?

i. During this time, People fabricated Hadeeth, mixed up the language, defended their sects with forged hadeeth

ii. e.g. Khawaarij developed political views and supported it with their own invented hadeeth

iii. This is the time Ilm Ar-Rijaal and Jarh wa ta’deel started

G. Features of Hadeeth enquiry at that time

a. They travelled for collecting Hadeeth

b. Wider network formed because of exchange of hadeeth among the narrators and Scholars

Chapter 3: Historical Outlook at development of Usool

A. Role of the travelers of Hadeeth

a. Ar Rahala (Travelers)

i. Came to protect the Hadeeth of the Prophet

ii. They received the hadeeth first hand from the Source

iii. They were dedicated travelers who sacrificed a lot for Ahadeeth

iv. Titles given to venerate these travellers: Raheela watayyeb, Expansive in travel, Rahaal

b. Traders in Hadeeth:

i. Kind of travelers who traded in the hadeeth. They would charge particular fee for narrating the hadeeth though they narrate the truth

ii. Imam Ahmad criticized this kind of travelers and deemed impermissible to take hadeeth from these people

iii. Some criticized that they may fabricate as they are doing it for money

B. Commencement of developing Procedures to protect the Hadeeth

a. Khateeb al Baghdadee started defining some

b. Critical consciousness of quality of the person narrating hadeeth developed (Ilm Jarh wa ta’deel)

c. Consciousness of connection of chain developed

d. Travelling increased the standardization of hadeeth terminologies as it made all parts like one class

C. Role of Public Institutions

a. In the 6th Century AH, Darul Hadeeth was established by Zinqi in Damascus. Ibn Ashakir was the Teacher

b. Al Madrasa al Kamiliyah in 622 AH

c. Al Ashraqiyah in 626 by Imam an Nawawee in Damascus

d. They were the traditionalists of the society and some were accused of going against of Orthodoxy because of corruption caused by Bayt al Hikmah

e. Titles given by these institutions:

i. Al Musnid – He will be able to narrate hadeeth with Isnaad

ii. Al Muhadeeth – Understands the isnaad, realize Pseudo people, identify people, listened to Kutub Sittah, Mu’jam at tabaranee, Musnad Ahmad

iii. Al Haafidh – One who memorized 100s and 1000s of Hadeeth, knowledge of Science of Men, Knowledge of conditions

Ibn Ubdah – Haafidh of Kufa (d. 382 H) who memorized 400000 hadeeth

Imam Bukharee memorized 300000 hadeeth

D. How conditions of transmission of Hadeeth developed?

a. Way of Memorization of Hadeeth:

Scholars differed over how hadeeth needs to be memorized – Wording and meaning or meaning alone?

i. In wording and meaning:

Scholars memorized the actual wording of the text from their Shaykh in conformation with Albarra ibn Yazeed’s hadeeth – Prophet correcting him for "nabeeyuka" when he said "Rasoolika"

Wording memorization will avoid common mistakes of words

Interchanging of words

Lahn (Incorrect pronunciation)

Safety provision added: Aw kama Qaal

ii. Meaning alone is sufficient:

They allowed Hadeeth to be narrated in meaning provided their language is sound, just and other conditions

Imam Malik: All those hadeeth that is Marfu should be narrated in Lafdh (same wording). Mauquf Hadeeth (from Sahaabah and others) can be narrated in meaning

Ibn Salah: Narration of meaning of the hadeeth is fine in both Marfu and Mauquf . He justified that primary concern among the Sahaabah was its meaning

iii. Memorizing the Summary of the Hadeeth

Portion of the Hadeeth and not the complete text.

Imam Bukharee did this in his Saheeh when having similar narration from other root

b. Written form communication:

i. Once the Student become known to the Shaykh, Shaykh allowed them to relay to others by means of written forms

ii. Reached to many by Students

iii. It reached to the level of Books

Chapter 4: Transmission of Hadeeth

A. Tahammul al Hadeeth:

a. the way in which Hadeeth has been received

b. Two components:

i. Al Adaah – How it was delivered to Shaykh

ii. Tahammum – How it was received from the students

B. 8 Popular forms: (range in strength and vary in forms)

a. Assima (heard)/Samaa’: Reading by the teacher

i. Four formats:

Recitation from memory by the teacher

Reading from books (his book/books of students compiled from his works)

Question and answers: Student narrating part of the hadeeth and the teacher completes it

Dictation: Sahaabee Waathilah ibn Asqaa was the first one. Az Zuhree used this method

ii. Forms: Hadathna/Hadathnee/thanaa/naa – he told to us/he told me

Communicated verbally and heard by students

Very strong form

iii. Akhbaranaa/Aranaa/ana – he told me of some news

Synonymous with Hadathna but commonly refers to method of Ard

iv. They say Samee’tu and the above forms (eg.: Samee’tu hadathna)

b. ‘Ard/Alqir’aa (Student read a hadeeth infront of Shaykh)

i. Read from written document

ii. Read from memory

Condition is shaykh should have already memorized the hadeeth

iii. After reading use the word samee’tu

iv. Student will first copy Shaykh’s material and draw a circle at the end of every hadeeth. Once he reads back to the Shaykh, he will mark the circle

v. If he transmits without verification, he is called Saariq al Hadeeth (Thief of Hadeeth)

vi. Similar to copyright law- you can buy as many books but not allowed to make one

Both the above tahammum form will include entire isnaad. Following forms miss this characteristic

c. Ijaaza (Permission to transmit)

i. Shaykh permits his student to narrate the hadeeth he heard/some of his works without having student read the books back to him

ii. "I have committed you to narrate of mine"

iii. Student did not directly hear the hadeeth from the shaykh

iv. It involves lot of trust upon the students by the Shaykh

v. If the book is unknown or shaykh who permitted is unknown, then this form of Ijaaza is unacceptable

vi. Form: Anba’na, naba’nee – He called our attention to

Muhadeeth were cautious to accept this kind of hadeeth because this is the way of Mudallees

Mudallees is one who perform tadlees al isnaad (Confusion in the chain) and tadless ash shuyookh (confusion by the name of the shaykh)

Mudallees is not fabrication as the person is not intending to fabricate rather wants to strengthen his hadeeth

d. Al Munaawalah (Granting books):

i. Shaykh gives his verified written document/books to narrate regardless of student is aware, permitting them to narrate

ii. Three formats:

Al Mun’awala al Ijaaza (Permission in form of document) It is higher form

Student prepares the document, Shaykh reviews and permits to narrate it. It is lower form

Student prepares book and Shaykh allows to permit that particular book without reviewing the book

iii. Eg.: Az Zuhree granted books to Thawree, Al-Awzaa’ee and ubaydullah ibn umar

iv. Form: Anba’na, naba’nee

e. Al Mukataba/ Kitaabah (Correspondence) :

i. Shaykh writes a book and send them to the students and allowing them to narrate it

ii. Form: Person wrote to me/wrote to us

iii. Ibn Abbas wrote to Ibn Abee Mulyakah and Najdah

f. Al I’laam (Announcement):

i. Student/Teacher announces he has the permission to narrate the particular text provided he has the original copy signed by the author to do so

ii. Shaykh goes through with his students and tell them that these are my hadeeth

iii. No explicit form of permission

iv. Shaykh may mention here it is forbidden for you to narrate this book then that should not be narrated

v. A’lamna Shaykh, A’lamna Fu;aan

g. Al Wassiyah (Bequest of Books):

i. Shaykh on his death bed allows his student to narrate particular hadeeth or some of his works

ii. Eg.: Abdullaah ibn zayd al Basree (d.104) given wasiyah to Ayoob

h. Ar Rijaala/Wajaadah (Discovery of Books) :

i. When person finds a written document and finds not the author but he attributes it to some shaykh by means of handwriting/others

ii. Waja’tu al Fulaan

iii. Similar to our case – We read from published Bukharee and we have not met the Shaykh but certain it is book of Imam Bukharee

C. Benefits:

a. From this shima, one can identity the certainty of the hadeeth and derive ahkam respectively

b. Demonstrates historical evolution

c. Practical significance

Chapter 5: Ilmul Diraayah and Ilmul Riwayah

A. Two major Sciences of Hadeeth

a. Ilmul Diraayah

b. Ilmul Riwayah

B. Definition of Ilmul Riwayah

a. Linguistic: Knowledge of the narrations

b. Technical: Study of correct transmission of all which is attributed to Prophet like sayings, actions, approval, physical characteristics in addition to narration from Sahaabah’s, tabieen along with benefits/rules that can be extracted from it

c. It is the study of actual text

d. Examples:

i. Lahn in matn?

ii. Synonyms replaced the matn?

iii. Actual memorization/collection of hadeeth

e. Muhadeeth called Usool al hadeeth as Ilmul Riwayah but it is incomplete with Diraayah

C. Definition of Ilmul Diraayah

a. Linguistic: Knowledge of chains and conditions of hadeeth

b. Technical: study of the chain of the hadeeth, and the principles that are used in determining the acceptability or unacceptability of a hadeeth.

c. Analytical/historical study

d. Conditions of the narrator and narrated

e. Study of the Rawi (narrator)

i. consists of tahmmul (Delivery), Adah, jarh wa ta’deel (Characteristics of Rawi), history/origin/death of the narrator

f. Study of Marwi (narrated)

i. Is the isnaad is muttasil?

ii. Any breaks in the links?

iii. Conditions pertaining to Tahmmul and adah was performed

D. Sciences related to Ilmud Diraayah

a. Ilm Jarh wa ta’deel – conditions of the narrator

i. Started with Ibn Abbas, Anas ibn Malik <= Companions

ii. Ibn Sireen (d. 110) <= Tabiee

iii. Alhamash (d.148) <= Tabut tabiee

iv. Early Writers:

Imam Tabaqat ibn Saad

Imam as sooyuti

Specific Books

a. Dhahabee – kashif

b. Science of Rijaal al Hadeeth

i. Actual narrators of hadeeth were studied

ii. Not particular aspect alone rather a comprehensive study

iii. Some of the aspects:

Honesty of the narrators

Religious conviction of the narrator

Trustworthiness of the narrator

Intellectual skills of the narrators

iv. Some Literature:

Imam Bukharee’s Tareek al Kabeer

Ibn Hajar’s Al Isaaba tahmeedh as Sahaabah

Imam Sooyuti condensed it to Aynal Isaabah

c. Science of Muhtaliful Hadeeth

i. Certain terms inherent within the hadeeth that seemingly contradict the other hadeeth

ii. Early writers

Imam Shafiee

Ibn Qutaybah

Ibn al Jawzee

d. Science of Ilal Hadeeth

i. Plural of illaa

ii. Subtle course which blemishes the hadeeth

iii. Requires in-depth knowledge and personal acquaintance

iv. Imam Muslim

v. Early writers

Ibn Jawzee

Major works by Ibn katheer (d.606) – Nihayah ghareeb al hadeeth

Imam Suyoote condensed it

e. Ilm naasikhul hadeeth wal mansookhi

i. Hadeeth too follows the same pattern as that Qur’aan (gradual and legislative approach)

ii. Eg.: Prophet forbade his companion to record hadeeth in early stages but later allowed

iii. Ibn Jawzee (d.597)

f. Study of Isnaad

i. It identifies reports whether acceptable or not

ii. Ascertains level of strength and authenticity

iii. Preserves hadeeth literature from blemish and corruption

iv. Science that tests chain rigorously

v. Ibn Mubarak "If it is not for isnaad, anybody will say anything"

vi. Imam tabari’s tafseer has lot of Isnaad

vii. Abu Aliyah al Jilaane "Allaah gave 3 things to this community: Isnaad, lineage, Al I’raab (punctuation)"

viii. Two major types

Isnaad al Alee

a. Few narrators

b. Something preferred over Isnaad naazi

c. If some one heard the same hadeeth earlier, that would be preferred as Isnaad al Alee

Isnaad naazi

a. Many narrators

b. Starts from major Imams

E. Literature related to Ilmur Riwayah

Imam Ahmad collected 750,000 hadeeth but recorded around 40,000 hadeeth

a. First categorization: Based on the grading of most of the hadeeth

i. Saheeh

Bukharee

Muslim

Muwatta Malik

ii. Hasan

Tirimidhee

Musnad Ahmad

Abu Dawood

Ibn Majah

iii. Da’ef

Ibn Abishayba

Tayalisee

Tabaranee

b. Second categorization

i. Sihah – Mainly of Saheeh hadeeh

Bukharee

a. Mainly ahkam

b. He sets two conditions

i. Should be a contemporary from Shaykh

ii. Should heard directly from Shaykh

Muslim

a. Very organized

b. Should be a contemporary from Shaykh

Jami tirimidhee

a. Gives introduction to Sciences of hadeeth

Abu Dawood

a. Mainly ahkam

Ibn Majah

a. Systematically organized

Nasaee

a. Have every flavour

Muwatta Malik

a. Mainly fiqhee aspect

ii. Jaami: Books that compiles around these 8 topic

Aqeedah

Ahkam

Riqaq

Adab

Tafseer

Thareek/Siyar

Fitan (trials and tribulations)

Appreciation and denunciation of persons and places. eg. Tirimidhee

iii. Al mustadrikat

Take the conditions of particular imam and present his hadeeth and adds hadeeth left by original compilers for some reasons

Hakim taken condition of Imam Bukharee, Muslim, hadeeth with subtle defects and strange ahadeeth

Eg.: Al Hakim – Addhabee condensed this book

iv. Al Mustakhrijat

Collections of Ahadeeth in which a later compiler adds fresh Isnads (chains of narrators) to the traditions already collected by previous compilers.

Abu Nuyam Isfahani’s mustakhraj on Bukharee and Muslim

Ibn Abu bakr

v. Al Ajzaa (Juz)

Particular Sahabee identified and hadeeth narrated by him are reported

Hadeeth on particular topic

a. Imam Suyoote – Benefits of Salatul Dhuhaa

Chapter 6: Conditions for acceptability of Rawi (Narrator)

A. Four Conditions for Legitimacy of the narrator:

a. Aql (intellectual ability/discernment)

i. Ability to discern right and wrong and ability to perform the functions of Hadeeth like Al ada’ (deliver) and Tahammul (receive)

ii. Based on this they considered age for narration of hadeeth. Scholars have differed in identifying the age required to deliver hadeeth (al-Ada’) and receive it (al-tahammul)

People of Basrah allowed age of 10

Kufa allowed age of 20

Shaam allowed age of 30

b. Dabt (accuracy)

i. Two factors:

Amudahara – Person who has strong ability of memory and observation

One another way by which rawi becomes Dabt is acceptability of him by other Muhadeeth

c. Al Adaalah (Honesty/Justice)

i. Religious

ii. It is not a single moment/act rather continuous assessment

iii. Established by Testimonial

iv. Established by Witnesses

d. Al Islaam (Spiritual capability)

B. Historical outlook:

a. In early stages, these 4 conditions were the practical understanding of the environment as the science was at its infancy

b. Later Scholars formalized the conditions and categorized

C. What is Jarh wa ta’deel?

a. Jarh means criticism

b. Ta’deel means praising

c. Jarh of sectarian group will not be accepted (eg.:Asharites rejecting the Rawi from Ahlus sunnah wal jamah)

D. Conditions of Jarh

a. Ibtidaa (blemished because of bidah

b. Mukhalafatul thiqah (contradicts reliable narrator)

c. Jahalatul haal (not aware of his own circumstances)

d. Inqitas sanad (no break in the chain)

E. Conditions of Jarh attached to Adaalah (Honesty)

a. Accusation of fabrication

b. Fasiq (Open transgresson)

c. Jahalah – when conditions of Rawi is not clear

d. Bid’at – person guilty of doing Bid’ah

e. Muroo’ah – He does things that creates doubt about his personal conduct

F. Conditions of Jarh attached to Dabt (accuracy)

a. Soo’ul Hifz: Bad Memorization (confuses between the text) -this riwayah or equal to more than his Saheeh riwayah

b. Prone to make mistakes in memory (names, dates, text, etc)

c. Extreme Carelessness: Person is not smart (Alghaffalah/Katharul Ghaflat)

d. Al wahm: Person dreams/imagines things

e. Mukhalafat at thiqah: Report a hadeeth that contradicts the hadeeth of thiqah (Strongly reliable)

G. How to deal with conflicting reports?

a. Somebody done Jarh (Criticism) and somebody done ta’deel (praise)

b. We acknowledge/reject based on reasons provided

c. Person unknown is called Mubham

d. About those whom we don’t know, we see there is no report that threatens their Adaalah.. We don’t know about his bad conduct and we don’t know about his good conduct as well so we don’t accept until something is established

H. Levels of Jarh wa ta’deel

i. Person might be a outright liar – completely rejected

ii. Person forgets sometimes/dreams –

iii. Person doesn’t act upon what he knows

Chapter 7: Classifications of Hadeeth terminologies (Ilm Mustalah al Hadeeth)

A. Introduction

a. Categorized according to different requirements as Hadeeth are of different types

b. Ibn Salah mentions around 65 classifications in his book Usool al Hadeeth and states these are sciences by itself

B. Ranges of authenticity:

a. Authenticity ranges between Saheeh and Da’eef

i. Saheeh

Al hasan

ii. Da’eef

C. Saheeh Hadeeth

a. Conditions:

i. Hadeeth al musnad (continuous links of narrator) reaches Muhammad that marfu, mauquf, and not mursal, munqati

Muttasil means continuous chain but not necessary that links back to Prophet whereas musnad reaches Muhammad

ii. Not a hadeeth which is Shadhdh (hadeeth contradicts hadeeth established by thiqaa)

iii. Not a hadeeth which is Mu’allal (no hidden/subtle defects)

It may be in the text

It may be in chain

iv. Communicated by alaadil (Honesty)

v. Communicated by Daabit (accuracy)

b. Saheeh hadeeth can be Ahad or Mutawattir

i. In general, hadeeth mutawattir means that group of people that it is impossible to conspire a lie

ii. Minimum number of reporters for hadeeth to be Mutawattir

Certain number of people at the beginning, middle and the end of the chain will make Hadeeth Mutawattir

Some scholars said 4 (based on Qur’aan 24:13)

Some said 5

Some said 10 because in arabic anything meets 10 is called Jamah

Some said it is 12 based on Qur’aan 5:11

Some said it is 20 based on Qur’aan 8:

iii. Tawattur can happen by two ways:

Tawattur bil lafdh -Text (quote unquote)

i. Example: "whoever fabricates a hadeeth can expect a seat from the hell fire" [Bukharee]

ii. Narrated by 40 Sahaabah’s and among them were 10 promised Jannah

Tawattur al Ma’naa – Meaning (found in several supporting hadeeth)

i. Du’aa that indicates prophet raised his hand in du’aa

ii. "Actions are but by intentions"

iv. Ahad

Individual narrations

Joke: Ahad is like a Muslim and Mutawattir is Muhsin or Mu’min :)

c. Saheeh hadeeth can be Mashhoor (well known) as well as ghareeb (strange)

i. In the chain, there is only thiqaa

ii. In hadeeth mashhoor, chain consists of number of thiqqq

d. Region of origination:

One another way to know hadeeth saheeh is from the region of origination of hadeeth (eg. Hadeeth from madeenah is more to be saheeh as Madeenah was free from political/sectarian schism)

e. Grades of Hadeeth (Imam Nawawi’s Hierarchy of strength within Saheeh) :

i. According to conditions of Imam Bukharee, and Imam Muslim (muttaqun alayh) and recorded by them both

ii. Recorded by Imam Bukharee alone

iii. Recorded by Imam Muslim alone

iv. Not narrated by Imam Bukharee or Muslim but agrees to their condition (eg. : Mustadrak al Hakim)

v. Authenticated Hadeeth according to condition of Imam Bukharee and recorded by others

vi. Authenticated Hadeeth according to condition of Imam Muslim and recorded by others

vii. Authenticated by Imams of hadeeth and not according to condition of Imam Bukharee/Muslim

f. What is Saheehal Isnaad means?

i. Saheeh is pertinent to both matn and isnaad

ii. Saheehul Isnaad doesn’t mean hadeeth is saheeh rather hadeeth is saheeh in the chain but there are some illaal in the text

g. Golden chains

i. Malik –> naafi –> Ibn Umar –> Prophet [Bukharee’s preference]

ii. Silsilah adh dhahabee mentions golden chains

Imam Ahmad –> Imam Shafi’ee –> Imam Malik –> naafi –> Ibn Umar –> Prophet

h. Types:

i. Saheeh li Thaatihi

Saheeh by in and of itself which meets all 5 conditions

ii. Saheeh li Ghayrihi

When hadeeth doesn’t meet the requirements of Saheeh but there are supporting reports (Al mut’aaba) that elevates

Hasan hadeeth which is elevated

e.g. "If I have not feared for this ummah, I would have ordered them to use miswak before every salah" [Abu Dawood]

Hukm: same as Saheeh li Thaatihi. It obliges the person to obey the injunctions in it

D. Hadeeth Hasan

a. History of Hadeeh Hasan

i. Not known in earlier period rather introduced in later period

ii. In earlier period, Hadeeth hasan belongs to hadeeth Saheeh category but it did not enjoy the level of mastery of Saheeh <– Ibn Salah

iii. Ibn Taymiah explains in his explanation of Musnad Ahmad, Hadeeth hasan belongs to Da’ee laysa bi matrook

iv. Hadeeth Hasan was a term coined by Imam Tirimidhee (Some Scholars say it was started even before)

v. Any way, Tirimidhee made it popular due to his high usage

b. Definition of Hadeeth Hasan

i. Hadeeth which has complete isnaad (muttasil) communicated by just but enjoys less accuracy and free from Shaadhdh and Mu’allal

ii. Difference between Saheeh and Hasan is level of accuracy

c. Imam Tirimidhee’s usage (unique):

i. Hasan Saheeh

One hadeeth is hasan in itself and there is other hadeeth which meets Saheeh conditions and thus become both hasan and Saheeh. It doesn’t become Saheeh because of hasan report

ii. Hasan Saheeh Ghareeb

Same as above except one person is Thiqaa

d. Types

i. Hasan li thaathihi

Hasan by in and of itself

ii. Hasan li Ghayrihi

Needs supporting isnaad to elevate it to the level of hasan

Hadeeth which has Mubham (unknown) narrator who was free from jarh of Adaalah and Dabt can be in the chain and can be elevated to this level

e. Titles (Arqaab) indicate both Saheeh and Hasan combinely

i. Jaeed

ii. Mujawad

iii. Salih

iv. Thaabith

v. Mahfooth

f. Hukm of Hadeeth Hasan: Treat same as Saheeh, Has authority in daily conduct and legislations

E. Hadeeth Da’eef

a. Definition

i. Anything doesn’t meet the requirements of Saheeh or Hasan

ii. Weak hadeeth

b. Possibility of Hadeeth to be Da’eef:

i. Some Scholars identified as 365 ways- not much practical relevance

ii. Ibn Salah said it is 42

c. Mursal/Maraasil:

i. Tabi’ee reports from Prophet without mentioning the Sahaabah

ii. Hukm: They are not authorities

iii. Types:

Maraasil of Sahaabah:

a. Sahabeeh himself did not hear directly from the Prophet rather heard from another Sahaabee but he attributes directly to the Prophet

b. Eg. Sahaabee saying Prophet mentioned in Battle of Badr though he did not participated in the battle

c. Hukm: Accepted as all Sahaabahs are adool

Maraasil of Tabi’ee

a. Those who mastered the Hadeeth like Sa’eed ibn Musayad who learnt from Sahaabah

Maraasil of Senior tabi’ee

a. Mujahid and others

Maraasil of later tabi’een

a. Who learnt from Senior tab’iee

iv. Maraasil can be elevated to Marfoo provided we have supporting narrations

v. Reason of weakness: Missing link in Isnaad (usually the Sahaabah)

d. Munqati

i. Hadeeth in which one of the narrators is missing or Mubham (unknown)

ii. It misses narrator anywhere in the chain

e. Mu’addal:

i. Two people missing (consecutive) in the chain

ii. Hukm: no authority

f. Mudalees:

i. Using words/terms that causes ambiguity so that they get rid of their weaknesses

ii. Tadlees al Isnaad

When Rawi claims that he heard/met the person but he did not originally heard/met the person

They mostly use the Sami’aa form of Tahammum

Considered as crime in Hadeeth science as it is purposely confusing isnaad and causing ambiguity

Imam Subah: "to fornicate is dearer to me than tadlees"

Imam Shafi’ee never taken riwayah from anyone who do Tadlees

Other Ulema take from them provided supported by other proofs

iii. Tadlees al Shuyookh

Purposely refers to Shaykh who is not popularly known by some popular names causing ambiguity

Eg. "My Shaykh Ahmad" but this Ahmad may be not Ahmad ibn Hanbal people perceive

iv. Other Categories

Tadlees at Tarf:

a. Deception in Tarf

i. Hadathna Ahmad

b. It can be corrected by punctuation

Tadlees as Sukt:

a. Saying hadathnee and keep quiet

b. Causing confusion

Tadlees at tasweer:

a. Purging the weak people from the isnaad and replacing with stronger Thiqaa

g. Mu’allil:

i. Hadeeth which has illaa (hidden defects)

ii. Illaa is a subtle course which blemishes the Hadeeth

iii. Eg.: One Isnaad is exchanged for other Isnaad

iv. Requires comprehensive knowledge of Rijaal, language, places, various isnaad of the Hadeeth and long time engagement with Hadeeth and so on to identify this

v. Imam Bukharee, Tirimidhee discussed about Mu’allil in some of his works

F. According to hidden defect found in the Isnaad or text

a. Hadeeth al Mudtarib/Idtiraab (Confusion)

i. Reported in number of different ways (chain/reports)

ii. All chain share same strength

iii. Impossible to prefer one way over another

iv. Hukm: considered weak because of inability to choose one isnaad over another which prevents mastery/clarity

v. Confusion (Itiraab) will take place in Isnaad/matn of the hadeeth

b. Hadeeth al Maqlub (reversed)

i. Reversal happens in Isnaad or matn

ii. Isnaad: Names of narrator will be reversed

Eg.: Instead of Kaab ibn Musayab, one may call musayab ibn Kab

iii. Matn: Wording may be of different order fro m the similar report

Eg.: Hadeeth of seven under the shade

iv. Identified from process of comparison and contrast

v. Hukm: Considered weak because of less Dabt

vi. Historical: Story of Imam Bukharee and 100 reversed hadeeth

G. According to nature of the text and Isnaad

a. Hadeeth al Shadh

i. Narrator is Thiqaa presents hadeeth which is contradictory to the hadeeth presented by thiqaa who is more than him

ii. Singular hadeeth from one person and contradicts one that is stronger than itself

iii. Here Rawi is not weak rather he doen’t know the other reports

b. Hadeeth al Munkar:

i. Similar to Shadh in opposition to one who is stronger than itself and but here happens between weak narrator and Thiqaa

H. Hadeeth al Matrook (Discarded)

a. Narrator who has been accused of fabrication.

b. Rawi is prone to make serious mistakes and doesn’t enjoy sound character

c. Hukm: Rejected

I. Rulings of Hadeeth al Mauquf

a. Hadeeth that reaches Sahabee not Rasoolullah

b. Actions/sayings of Sahabah

c. In matters where there is no possibility of Ijtihaad, then they are acceptable as they cannot say themselves except heard from the Prophet

i. Eg.: Abdullaah ibn Masood narrated "Whoever meets fortuneteller and believes what he says then disobey Allaah and his Prophet"

d. Ibn Umar, Ibn aas narrated Bani Israeliat and we do not take from them

J. Rulings of Hadeeth al Maqtu

a. Hadeeth that reaches Tabi’ee and not Rasoolullah

b. We do not consider later tabiee’s narration

c. Abu Haneefa: We do not have any option when it comes to Rasoolullah and from Sahaabah we have option but with tabiee, they are men and we are men

K. Where Da’eef Hadeeth is allowed to be used?

a. Da’eef hadeeth is allowed in virtuous deeds (Fadail Amal) when there is number of Da’eef hadeeth which supports the hadeeth

b. Many Scholars refused to use Da’eef hadeeth

c. Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Abdurahman ibn Mahdee Abdullaah ibn Mubaraq used Da’eef hadeeth in these matters

d. Historical background: Hadeeth hasan was not identified during this time

e. To use Da’eef hadeeth, following conditions must be fulfilled:

i. Should not be majorly weak

ii. Pertain to some of the major categories/themes (abwab) of the hadeeth

iii. Should not contradict the stronger report

L. Hadeeth categories which may be Saheeh/Hasan/Da’eef

a. Category 1: Marfoo/Musnad/Mutassill

i. Marfoo may be Saheeh/Hasan/Da’eef depending upon the investigation

Marfoo may be

a. Mursal

b. Mu’addal

c. Munqati

ii. Musnad (Continuous Chain that reaches the Prophet )

iii. Muttasil (Continious chain that not necessarily reaches the Prophet): may be Saheeh/Hasan/Da’eef depending upon the investigation

Mauquf on Sahabee

Maqtu on Tabi’ee

b. Category 2: Ananaa, Al-Muannan, Muallaq

i. Ananaa:

"by this person, by this person…"

Used particularly by Sahaabahs

Present in Bukharee/ and mainly in Muslim

Used by Mudalees and make it weaker

ii. Amuannan: enjoys similar experience of Ananaa and this is hadeeth itself

iii. Muallaq:

one or more people deleted from the beginning of the Isnaad

This kind of Hadeeth present in Bukharee where he used for abbreviation

c. Category 3: Al Fard/Alghareeb

i. Al Fard: Singular/Solitary

Single person narrates the hadeeth

Popular form of singularity

a. One to One

b. One to Region

c. Region to Region

ii. Ghareeb

One person minimum and one or two at different levels of Isnaad

Also called as Alfard misbee

M. How Hadeeth elevated?

a. Elevation:

i. From Da’eef to Hasan li Ghayrihi

ii. From Hasan to Shaheeh li Ghayrihi

b. Way: By means of supporting evidences: Hadeeth al Mutaabih/AsShahidh and other requirements

N. Hadeeth al Mutaabih

a. Mutaabih is what has been narrated in exact wording

i. Mutaabih at Taam (complete)

Hadeeth which supports from the level of the narrator himself

ii. Mutaabih al qaasir (incomplete)

Rawi is not included in the chain

the supporting chain begins with the sheikh of the narrator not the narrator

O. Hadeeth as Shahidh

a. Shahid can either be in wording (al lahwi)or meaning (al manawi) of the text

P. Hadeeth al Mudaraj

a. Interpolation in the text of the hadeeth

b. This is unintended interpolation and happens during explanation

c. If there is deliberate interpolation, then it is similar to fabrication

d. Two forms:

i. Form 1:

Hadeeth that has more than one isnaad is presented without making it clear that there exists more than one isnaad.

Person will confuse with one isnaad with over another

ii. Form 2:

Person has more than one hadeeth without respective isnaad

Confusing Matn with isnaad and vice versa

e. Ways to identify Idraaj:

i. Wording of hadeeth – certain words indicate that it would not have been spoken by the Prophet

ii. Sahaabah themselves – this is not the actual word rather insertion

iii. Narrators themselves identified

f. Hukm: It can be Saheeh/hasan/Da’eef

Q. Hadeeth Musalsal

a. Certain particular act will be continued when tahammul and aadah will take place

b. Particular characteristics will remain in hadeeth

c. Eg.: Ahmad ibn Husain put his hands together, similarly his teacher, his teacher, Ibn Umar, Abu Hurayrah and upto Prophet

d. It can be verbal/physical

e. Hukm: It can be Saheeh/hasan/Da’eef

R. Hadeeth al Musahhaf

a. The hadeeth in which contamination takes place due to the scribing of hadeeth

b. When you scribe the word, you may miss out dots but actual form stays the same

S. Hadeeth al Muharaf:

a. Actual form of the letter itself does change and changing the wording and meaning

b. Gives farfetched meaning

c. Hukm: Da’eef

T. Points on Criticism

a. Criticism is the key thing that gave raise to different classifications

b. Muhadeeth never adjudged based on face value of the terminology rather they investigated each hadeeth

U. Mawdoo

a. Overview

i. Realm of Imposters

ii. Doesn’t even fall under the analysis of authenticity

iii. They fabricated hadeeth for their own benefits

iv. Fabrication is a greatest crime in institution of hadeeth

v. Fabricator will fail to have basic moral character and they are enemies to hadeeth

b. Historical development:

i. During the time of Abu Bakr and Umar, unity was intact and community remain protected from Fitnah

ii. During the time of Uthman, seeds of fitnah began building

iii. Fitnah accumulated at his death and violently burst during the time of Ali

iv. Khawaarij, Shi’ah, Murjiah and other political parties developed

v. These groups are mutually opposing groups

vi. Reasons

Money

Make something popular

Fame in quoting the hadeeth

vii. This atmosphere tarnished the atmosphere of honesty and truthfulness

viii. In this time, people become skeptic about taking the hadeeth

ix. Several principles and Isnaad evolved to identify the right hadeeth

c. Ways to identify Mawdoo

i. Self admission – "I fabricated the hadeeth"

ii. Text itself – Muhadeeth identify by comparing with conventional stream/style/trend of the hadeeth

iii. Compliance to established facts and conformity with Qur’aan

iv. Severe punishment for trivial acts

Popularly found in works of Qasas (story tellers)

Shameless jurists who wants to defend their mathhab

v. Knowledge about who is popularly known as fabricator

d. Some stories

i. Ahmad ibn Hanbal and Yahya ibn Muin

Both hearing someone during their wudoo narrating hadeeth in reference to them. they went and sat in his circle. Yahya asked "Did you hear from Yahya ibn Muin?" He replied "No" When Yahya told he was Yahya, then the fabricator replied "I heard yaha ibn muin is a foo"l and he was schocked. He added "I narrate from 17 Ahmad ibn Hanbal and Yahya ibn Muin and do you think you are the only one"

ii. Abdul kareem ibn Abi awjah

During the time of Mahdee, Abbasid Khalifa

He was killed and he accepted that he narrated 400 fabricated hadeeth in which he made halal as haram and vice versa

This is the time, Muhadeeth developed a science called Ilmul Rijaal

e. Our Position:

i. Don’t get despaired by these fabrications, Hadeeth was preserved by Allaah (15:9)

ii. Before Mushaf, some people tried to fabricate Qur’aan as well

iii. Fabricators may have good intention in the heart but fabricate to draw attention to what they perceived to be good

Eg.: Sufees fabricated a lot in Fadail-e-Amal

Chapter 8: Shuboohath(Controversies) leveled against Hadeeth

A. Declaration: Islaam is a protected source of learning and safeguarded from controversies

B. Enemies who leveled controversies:

a. Orientalists

i. They were non Muslims who do not accept prophethood of Muhammad or atheists or biased individuals

ii. They are coming from different experience and background

iii. They suffer tainted understanding because of translations

iv. Some are sincere and some are insincere

v. Sometimes funded by body which works against Islaam

b. Muslims who are influenced by external factors

i. Those who learned from Orientalists

ii. Those who were fired with their desires and whims

C. Historical background of Shuboohath:

a. Shedding doubts in the religion started with the time of Muhammad (s)

b. Eg.: In Qur’aan 25:46, Mushrikoon trying to shed doubt about prophet hood of Muhammad by different ways

D. Reason for Shuboohath:

a. Primary reasons are to

i. Attack legitimate authority of Sunnah

ii. Preservation of Sunnah

b. Secondary reasons:

i. vested government interests in such scholarship

ii. cultural ignorance

iii. enmity towards Islam

iv. challenges of translation

E. Shuboohath 1: Qur’aan alone is sufficient and no need for Sunnah

a. Evidence for allegation:

i. 6:38/16:85 – Dhikr (Qur’aan) which explains everything <– so no need for the sunnah

ii. This is questioning the authority of Prophet

b. Goals of this Shuboohath:

i. There is no need for the Sunnah

ii. Qur’aan alone is authoritative

c. Response:

i. Ibn Hazm’s response: 53:3,4| 16:44

ii. Ibnul Qayyim: Sahaabah’s practically demonstrated Sunnah in their life (7:15 |4:8)

d. Key: Allaah made Sunnah as explanation of Qur’aan and declared authority of Sunnah in Qur’aan

F. Shuboohath 2: Sunnah was not preserved as promise was to preserve the Qur’aan

a. Evidence for allegation:

i. 15:9 says it is "Dhikr" which is protected and not Qur’aan alone.

ii. Dhikr means Qur’aan and Sunnah

b. Response:

i. Status of the Prophet?

ii. 5:3|3:85|3:19 – How can there be Islaam without Sunnah, perfect example of the Prophet?

iii. 16:44 –> If sunnah is not preserved, then explanation of Qur’aan is lost

iv. Usool al Hadeeth exemplifies preservation of Hadeeth

c. Key: Sunnah is part of the religion

G. Shuboohath 3: Prohibition to write Hadeeth

a. Evidence for allegation:

i. They quote "Do not write my hadeeth…"

ii. Abu Bakr’s statement after death of Prophet where he’s referring to Qur’aan as source of authority [Hadeeth Mursal]

b. Response:

i. This prohibition took place during initial period of the Prophet to preserve Qur’aan from mixing and keep them focussed

ii. This prohibition to record hadeeth was abrogated later

iii. Some of the senior companions like Abu Bakr (Saheefah Abu Bakr), Abu Hoorayrah recorded Hadeeth

iv. Prophet asked some of his companions to write for a person who asked Prophet’s statement in the recorded fomat

v. Not all members of that early community were illiterate

vi. there existed some tools enabling written recording

vii. Contract between Prophet and Ansaars was written down

H. Shuboohath 4: Later publications/written recording of Habeeth

a. Above response will be sufficient

I. Shuboohath 5: Fabrications of Hadeeth

a. Evidence for allegation: Due to many fabricated hadeeth, hadeeth as a source is not pure

b. Response:

i. Various Mustalah purified the hadeeth

ii. Ulema developed different sciences like Jarh wa ta’deel, Ilm ar Rijaal and others to identify true hadeeth

iii. Comprehensive system of Hadeeth criticism developed, from individual to community and to culture and so on

iv. Hallmark of Islaamic scholarship

v. Vast amount of Hadeeth literature

c. Key: Ilm al Mustalah

d. Fabricators:

i. Qasas

ii. Wavered jurists

iii. Sufis who encouraged ‘righteous acts’ by fabricating hadeeth

iv. Theological and political oriented groups

v. Ignorant who wants to elevate their standards

e. Hukm about Fabricator:

i. Crime against own soul and community

ii. Shun away from the community

iii. It doesn’t lead them to become a kafir but believer whose belief is doubted

Abi Muhammad al Juhainee said fabricator’s blood is permissible and he bases it from "whosoever fabricates will have his seat in hell fire

J. Shuboohath 6: Ulema of hadeeth focused only on purifying Isnaad and not on purifying Matn

a. Evidence for allegation:They said this because of certain weak hadeeth in Saheeh literature and it means they have not focused on Matn

b. Goals of this Shuboohath:

i. Aql is the decisive factor

If aql is criteria, then we have to deny unseen world as mind cannot perceive Ilmul Ghayb

If aql is criteria, then whose mind is the criteria?

ii. They want to make teachings of Prophet like teachings of other great men

iii. Belittle efforts and energies of the Ulema

They want to discard Saheeh Bukharee

c. Response: Isnaad is the ladder that narrates the hadeeth, therefore Hadeeth is highly likely to be Saheeh if ladder is Saheeh

d. Key: Focus on Isnaad is based on the fact that sound hadeeth reaches us through sound communication

K. Shuboohath 7: Prophet never written letter (Hadeeth) to other rulers

a. Evidence for allegation:They claimed these letters were not found with the rulers

b. Goals of this Shuboohath: They want to make this religion as religion of Arabs alone and not an universal religion

c. Response:

i. Islaam is universal religion 7:158 | 13:28 | Allaah addresses people as "Ya Ayyuhannas or Ya Banee Adam"

ii. We have Suhaib from Rome, Bilal from Abyssinia, Salman from Persia

iii. All of the Seerah books records these letters

iv. Kisrah of Persia torn out the letter and Allaah torn out his empire by Kisrah being killed by his own son

L. Factors that led to these controversies

a. Language:

i. Language is coding of information

ii. When it speaks about physical entity like tree, there in no other way of interpretation whereas when it speaks about culture, language becomes sensitive

iii. Origins of Language:

Toshihiko Izutsu’s theory

Refer to "Ethico-Religious Concepts in the Qur’an" by him

iv. Arabic Culture was redefined

Karam doesn’t mean you starve and give all to guests rather you take and give what remains off to the guests

v. Language has ethical and religious significance

We go back to Arab poetry before Islaam for the meaning of the words

vi. Orientalist come up with understanding that is not inline with Author’s intention and they do not come from this culture as well

b. Orientalists attitude towards religions:

i. They have strong opposition to religions because of forcing of ideologies and unquestionable things from the Church

ii. They considered unseen world as tales and not the reality

iii. Their view about knowledge, metaphysical reality plays a role in their works

Chapter 9: Practice of Storytelling in Islaam

A. Why do we study?

a. To understand the process of story telling as it is

b. Not to get influenced that this is the bad institution ignoring its good characteristics

B. Definition of Qasas/Qussas

a. Qas means "to cut/to follow/ to narrate a story"

b. Popularly considered as form of public address

C. Benefits of Story telling

a. Serves religious purpose by attracting common man

b. Natural instinct of inclination towards story

c. Tool of Da’wah

D. In Al Qussas wal mudhakeerin, Ibn al Jawzi divides Qassas as follows:

a. Al Wa’idh – Preachers

b. Al Mudhakeerin – One who reminds

c. Al Qusas – do not restrict themselves to Halal and Haram rather introduce for some other purpose

d. Difference: al-Wa’idh invites one to come closer to Allah while according to the limits of Islam while al-Qaas will use any tool available to attract people

E. Criticism about Story tellers:

a. Bid’ah -Gathering people and narrating story is not the way of Prophet and his righteous companions

b. Many of ancient stories/inherited stories are free from any truth

c. Form of entertainment that deviates people from studying Qur’aan and sunnah

d. It corrupted several Muslim minds by means of fabricated/false reports

e. Story telling implies Qur’aan and Sunnah are not sufficient as sources

f. Story tellers do not have critical understanding of reports so they just attracted with the reports they received

F. Term Qussas is not a bad term by itself

a. 12:3 – We are the ones who narrate you best story

b. 7:176

c. This term includes Waidh, al mudhakara, tadrees (instruction)

G. Historical Origin of this Practice

a. Prior to Hasan al Basari, religious instruction took place within the Masjid

b. Hasan al Basri went to public roads and started calling people by means of less formal ways

c. He was al Wai’dh within the bounds of Halal and Haram

d. From here, story telling/public preaching started

e. Later hijacked by ignorant

f. Qussas used story telling as propaganda tool for their vested interests like politics, fiqh, Sufi, wealth fame etc

g. This made the noble institution as form of fabrication and manipulation of general masses

h. This is due to widespread introduction of hadeeth, mostly inauthentic, in their stories

H. Conditions pertaining to Qussas (actually Al Wai’dh) (Ibn al Jawzee)

a. Knowledge of various sciences that will appeal to the audience

b. Knowledge of Hadeeth

c. Knowledge of Thareek (History)

d. Knowledge of Fiqh (their instruction should confirm with legal limits of Fiqh)

e. Knowledge of language of Arabic

f. Piety and Sincerity

g. Aabidth (Worshipper)

h. To abstain from luxurious life rather lead a simple life (in order he’s not narrating for material benefits)

I. Significance of Storytelling today

a. Media, movies of today are form of story telling

b. It is possible that we can use these tools to attract people to Allaah azawajal

Part 2

Chapter 10: Ilm Jarh wa ta’deel (Criticism and Praise)

"Isnaad is pivotal part of Hadeeth and its discussion comprises every parts of Hadeeth"

A. Definition of Jarh wa ta’deel

a. Jarh means criticism of narrators

b. Ta’deel means validation/praise

c. Jarh wa ta’deel is the science that tests narrators of Isnaad in terms of Adaalah and Dabt

B. Authority from which Science extends

a. Qur’aan 49:6 – Jarh (Criticism)

b. Qur’aan 9:100 – Ta’deel (Validation)

C. Classification Schemes overview:

a. Organization structure which presents various level of Ta’deel and Jarh in terms of strength and weakness

b. Various schemes were developed by Scholars

c. First to identify was Imam Ibn Abi Hatim ar Razi

D. Imam Ibn Abi Hatim ar Razi’s Scheme

a. Level 1: Sahabaah

i. Level that needs no test and all are just and accurate

ii. Doesn’t fall under Jarh wa ta’deel

b. Level 2: Maktab Adaalah

i. Covers rest of People, from Tabieen to so on

ii. Levels of Ta’deel (From strongest to Lowest )

Thiqah/Hafidh (Reliable/Memorizer)

Sadooq (Honest Person)

Shaykh (Authority but his Dabt and Adaalah are little less)

Salih

iii. Levels of Jarh (From least weak to worst)

Laylal Hadeeth wa yuktab itibaaran

a. Lenient Hadeeth, written and considered

b. Not an authority in and of itself.

c. It could be authoritative with supporting evidence

Laysa bil Qawi wa yuktab itibaaran

a. he means the narrator has not attained a level of being strong and firmly established

Da’eef al Hadeeth

a. Weak hadeeth which is not written down but considered later on

Matrook al Hadeeth

a. Not written and not contemplated

E. Imam Ibn Salah:

a. He was from Iraq and came later

b. He just elaborated the system of Imam Ibn Abi Hatim

F. Al Hafidh adh Dhahabee

a. He was born in Damascus in 673 H

b. He presented different classification system and his level of organization was different

c. Levels of Ta’deel (From Strongest to lowest)

i. Thiqah Hujjah/Thiqah Hafidh/Thiqah Mutqan

ii. Thiqah Sadooq

He’s okay and no problems with him.

He has skills but lacks mastery of the skills

iii. Mahilluhu as Sadooq/Ja’ed al Hadeeth/Salih al Hadeeth/Shaykh al Hadeeth

Mastery is less than previous

d. Observations:

i. He used "Summa" to indicate lower level

ii. He used terminologies of Imam Abi Hatim at different levels

iii. He did fused categories of 3rd and 4th level into one

e. Levels of Jarh (From worst to least weak)

i. Dajjal/Kaththab (Outright liar/fabriactor)

ii. Muttahim bil kathib (accused of fabrication)

iii. Matruk laysa bi Thiqah

His hadeeth is gone

iv. Da’eef Jiddah/Munkar al Hadeeth

v. Laysa bi Qawi (not strong)

This closest to Ta’deel category

f. Observations:

i. It is much easier to do Ta’deel than Jarh with Imam Dhahabee

ii. Imam Dhahabee uses certain ambiguous terms and we are not clear about it

G. Al Hafidh al Iraqee

a. Born in 735 H in Egypt and died 809 H

b. Memorized Qur’aan in very early age

c. His student was Imam Ibn Hajar al Asqalanee

d. Al Iraqee’s first Ijaaza was given to Ibn Hajar

e. His scheme is closer Imam Dhahabee’s scheme

f. Levels of Ta’deel (From Highest to lowest)

i. Thiqah Thiqah

ii. Thiqah/Mutqan/Alhafidh

iii. Sadooq

iv. Salih al Hadeeth/Hasan al Hadeeth/Shaykh wasat (Mediocre Shaykh)

g. Levels of Jarh (From worst to least weak)

i. Fulan al Kathab

Seriously rejected

ii. Fulan

iii. Mardoo al Hadeeth

iv. Fulan Da’eef

v. Fulan feehe makal

He could be okay but lack of proficiency surrounding him which causes doubt to accept him

H. Imam Ibn Hajar al Asqalanee

a. Born in Cairo in 773 H

b. Learnt under Imam Iraqee and travelled with him in search of Hadeeth

c. He doesn’t clearly identified Jarh wa ta’deel as others

d. He presents 12 levels which combines both Jarh wa ta’deel (From strong to worst)

CLASS DESCRIPTION TERMINOLOGY

1st The companions of the Prophet (?) Sahaabee/Sahaabeeyyah; Lahu Suhbah

2nd Highly praised narrators due to their impeccable memories Thiqah thiqah; Thiqah Haafith; or Awthaq an-Naas

3rd Generally reliable narrators Thiqah; Mutqin; Thabt or ‘Adl

4th Truthful narrators whose reliability is slightly tainted because of occasional mistakes Sadooq; Laa bas bih or Laysa bihi bas

5th Truthful narrators known to make mistakes due to poor memories, senility, misinterpretations or the like. Also included in this group are those accused of any of the following forms of Bid’ah Tashayyu’, Qadr, Nasb, Irjaa or Tajahhum. Sadooq yukhti; Yahim; Sayyi al-Hifth; Lahu awhaam or Taghayyara bi aakhirah

6th A narrator of only a few hadeeths whose rejected hadeeths are not due to defects found in him. His hadeeths should be checked out Maqbool / Maqboolah

7th One from whom more than one narrator has reported hadeeths but he has not been classified as Thiqah. Mastoor or Majhool al-haal

8th A narrator who has been criticized of being unreliable Da‘eef

9th A narrator from whom only one other narrator has reported hadeeths and he or she is not considered Thiqah. Majool

10th An unreliable narrator in the opinion of all Matrook; Saaqit; Matrooq al-hadeeth or Waahin al-hadeeth

11th One accused of lies Uttuhima bil-kathib

12th One who is classified as a liar or fabricator Kaththaab or Waddaa’

- e. As Imam Ibn Hajar came much later, these many levels and focus

I. Al Hafidh as Sahawi

a. Born in Cairo in 831 H

b. Student of Ibn Hajar

c. Levels of Ta’deel

i. Sihatul Mubalaha

ii. Individual in Skills

iii. Repeats the terms

iv. Term is singular

v. Sudooq

vi. Erwi anhoo (from whom he narrates)

vii. 1-4 are authoritative

viii. 5 & 6 written but not Authoritative

d. Levels of Jarh

i. Worst

ii. Kathab

iii. Yusraq al Hadeeth

iv. Mukab

v. Da’eef

J. All Imam’s agreed on these three points:

a. Hadeeth which is rejected completely

b. Hadeeth rejected but recorded

c. Hadeeth that are recorded and considered as authority in religion

Chapter 11: Treatment of Hadeeth by Fiqhi Schools

A. Wahy

a. Qur’aan

i. contains all Usool ad deen

ii. general maxims

iii. Comprehensive guide

b. Hadeeth

i. Contributes to Qur’aan with explanation of Muhammad Sallaalahualayhiwasallam

ii. Consists two major aspects: Official and mundane

One which provides Ahkam (Tashree) and other is part of his daily life

Fuqaha and Usooli Scholars are interested in Tashree aspect of Hadeeth

Usooli – interested in legal maxims

Fuqaha – interested in hadeeth that demonstrates practical implementation of law

c. Hadeeth is authoritative but different in constitution from Qur’aan i.e., miraculous nature,

B. Hanafi Math-hab:

a. Founded by Nu’man ibn Thaabith who born in Kufa

b. It is School of Ar-Rai (Opinion)

c. Imam Abu Haneefa first educated in Aqlaniyaat before Fiqh and Hadeeth

d. In many cases, they prefer Qiyaas, Istishaan over Hadeeth that is not being very strong or suitable for legislative purpose

e. Kufa and Hadeeth

i. Limited availability of Hadeeth in Kufa

ii. Fabrication of Hadeeth

iii. Persians who accepted hadeeth but not very convinced

f. Abu Haneefa’s conditions in accepting Hadeeth:

i. Should be narrated by Jama’ah

He doesnot accept Hadeeth Ahad

ii. Hadeeth should be Mashhoor (generally known)

iii. Hadeeth should be used by other Scholars

iv. If one Sahaabah narrates, it should be heard by other Sahaabah’s and they should not have opposed it

C. Maliki Math-hab:

a. Imam Malik ibn Anas was a Madeenite Scholar

b. It is School of Ahlul Hadeeth

c. He’s from centre of Hadeeth learning

d. Hadeeth and Madeenah:

i. Freely available

ii. High number of Scholars

e. Silent Hadeeth: Amal Ahlul Madeenah

i. Inhabitants of Madeenah are inhabitant’s of Prophet’s city and they modeled their life according to Prophet’s conduct

ii. He used Amal-e-Madeenah over Ahad Hadeeth at times

D. Shafi’ee Math-hab:

a. He combined Ra’i and Ahlul Hadeeth

b. Close student of Imam Malik

c. He is first to use the term Qiyaas itself

E. Qiyaas:

a. Definition

i. Linguistic: Value something

ii. Technical: Attaching hukm to the situation which is not textually recorded

iii. Example: Drugs haram because it is something like Alcohol

b. Conditions:

i. Asl: there should be textual reference to Qur’aan or sunnah or Ijma

ii. Far: It must be a new situation

iii. Illaa: follows the same line of reasoning of the original hukm

iv. There must be hukm like halal, haram for the Asl

c. Criticism:

i. We are applying our own reason and logic

ii. Response:

If our qiyaas is not made on Qur’aan and Sunnah, then argument is valid

We are working within the framework of Qur’aan and Sunnah

Process of Qiyaas will make subtle haram more apparent. It is not creation of Hukm rather systematic tool to make subtleties clear

d. Hadeeth played a important role in ruling based on Qiyaas

Various approach in using Ahad and Mursal Hadeeth

A. Ahad Hadeeth

a. Sahaabahs unanimously agreed to its usage

b. Examples from Major Sahaabah’s

i. Abu Bakr:

"Prophets should be buried where they died"

Report of Mugheera was used to rule that grand mother’s share is 1/6th of inheritance. He asked who can support Mugheera’s statement? Muhammad ibn maslama given a witness

ii. Umar ibn al Khattab:

Taking Jizya from Majus based on hadeeth narrated by Abdur Rahman ibn Auf that they should be treated as like Ahlul Kitab

Aboo moosa al Asharee leaving Umar’s home after knocking three times. Umar asking Aboo Moosa should find someone to support this else he will be dealt. Abu Saeed Sudan witnessed

iii. Uthman: Widow to continue her iddah though her husband was deceased

iv. Hadeeth of Aisha on Ghusl for two private part touching each other even without ejaculation

B. Exceptions where Ahad rejected

a. Narrator is not a Thiqa

i. Umar rejecting Fatima bint Qays case because he did not trust her

b. Hadeeth is against stronger evidence

i. Aisha rejected the Ahad hadeeth from Ibn Umar hadeeth on wailing that it will affect the dead on the account that no one will carry sin of other person

C. Imam Shaafi’ee’s response

a. For the argument, Qur’aan says witness as one male and two females. He responded principle is to take witness if they don’t have any mistakes

b. Prophet asked us to memorize, preach the Hadeeth

c. During time of Prophet, Sahaabah’s shared Ahad hadeeth and the Prophet was silent (eg.: Changing of Kabah)

d. Prophet sending 12 messengers to 12 kings (Ahad)

e. Sahaabah’s enacted upon hadeeth which were singular

D. Treatment of Ahad hadeeth by various Schools

a. Hanafi – Stringent

i. Rawi should not contradict the reliable reports (eg. Abu Hurayrah washing 3 times for najis of dog when the known position is 7 times with one time being with dirt)

ii. It should not be about serious matter as those will be narrated by tawattur due to needs

b. Maliki:

i. It should not contradict Amal-e-Madeenah

c. Shafi’ee:

i. Narrator should be Thiqa

ii. He should be aware of what he is narrating (Lafdh)

iii. It should have precession – Dabt

iv. Should not contradict to other authentic Hadeeth

d. Hanbali

i. They have no conditions except it should be authentic

E. Mursal

a. Tabi’ee narrates directly from Prophet omitting sahabee who is intermediary between tabi’ee and prophet ie without sahabee name

b. Mursal of Sahaabah will be accepted – Jamhoor opinion

c. Shafi’ee:

i. It should be from Senior Tabiee

ii. Supported by hadeeth which is Musnad

iii. Mursal should be accepted by other Scholars

iv. Mursal can be strengthened by people of Knowledge

d. Hukm: accepted as an authority but still remains as a weaker authority compared with Ahaadi hadeeth which are musnad i.e., hadeeth of complete chain of narrators.

Chapter 12: Ilm Naasikh wal Mansookhi (Abrogation and Abrogated in Hadeeth)

A. Definition of Naskh:

a. Linguistic Meaning:

i. Remove/get away (22:52)

ii. To Transfer/Copy (45:29)

b. Technical Meaning:

i. It is to remove legal injunction by legal evidence that comes later (after the original Hukm)

ii. Exceptions:

It is not merely any legal text rather Hukm

It is not Takhsees (Specification)

One who can abrogate is Allaah and not anyone

iii. Example:

Abrogation of Hadeeth recording in writing after fear is removed that Qur’aan will mix with the hadeeth

B. Condition of Abrogating text:

a. Abrogating evidence should be kitab shar’ee (Evidence from Qur’aan and Sunnah) and not Qiyaas

b. Abrogation must be by text of equal strength

i. Qur’aan abrogated by Qur’aan

ii. Hadeeth Mutawattir can be abrogated by Mutawattir and not ahaad hadeeth

c. It should take place after the original text

d. What is being lifted should be legal injunction

e. Legal injunction should be practical injunction and cannot be legal maxims or matters of Aqeedah

f. Abrogated Hukm should not be a permanent hukm or temporary hukm

g. There must be apparent contradiction between Naasikh and Mansookh

C. Something that sounds like Naskh but not:

a. Takhsees

S.No Takshees Naskh

1 Takhsees specifies some part of earlier hukm Naskh completely abrogates earlier text

2 Takshsees can take place by Daleel Aql (logical evidence) Naskh take place by Naql

3 Takhsees not necessarily need to be a later Hukm Naskh must be a later Hukm

4 Takhsees gives explanation of earlier text Naskh does away with the earlier text

- b. Taqyeed (Restriction)

- i. No conflict with original text

- ii. Can happen initial or later

- iii. It will not do away with original Hukm rather just restricts

- c. Bad’aa

- i. Making something apparent (39:47)

- ii. New opinion is presented when there is no initial idea (12:35 – knowledge of something which was not once there)

- iii. It is known according to circumstance

- iv. It is to do away with the text

- v. Bad’aa comes from created being whereas Naskh comes from Allaah alone as it undermines Allaah of perfect Knowledge

D. Manifestation in Hadeeth Science

a. Mutawattir abrogated by Mutawattir

b. Mutawattir abrogated by Ahad

c. Ahad abrogated by Ahad

i. Exists mainly here

d. Ahad abrogated by Mutawattir

E. Ways to identify Naskh in Hadeeth

a. Explicit mention of Prophet

i. "I forbade you to visit graves and now you can visit now…"

b. Indication by Sahaabah

i. Explicit

Jabir said "last of deeds of Prophet whether to take wudoo from water changed by…"

ii. Fails to explain which text is Naskh

Opinion 1: Sahaabah may be practicing Ijtihaad and not an authority by itself

Opinion 2: Naskh happens only Naql so Sahaabah cannot make their own Naskh

Opinion 3: It is acceptable when there is some supporting evidence that conflicts with the Mansookh

Chapter 13: Ilm at-Ta’aarud waTarjeeh (Conflict and Preference)

A. Declaration: Two sound hadeeth will not contradict each other as both are from Allaah

B. T’a’aarud or Alman’aa (Prevention/conflict)

a. Muhadeeth call it as Mukhtaliful Hadeeth

b. Defintion:

i. Linguistic Meaning: Stems from the word "Ikhtilaaf" which means disagreement (6:141)

ii. Technical Meaning:

Two prophetic hadeeth that conflict in a way that prohibits each of others implication and meaning

They are not Maqtu or Mursal

c. Number of terminologies developed in this science

d. Mukhtalaf will happen only in authentic reports (Saheeh, hasan, ahad, Musnad)

C. Two kinds of Conflict

D. Ways to resolve Conflict:

a. Jam (Combining two conflicting hadeeth)

b. Tarjeeh (Preferring one hadeeth over another)

c. Naskh (One hadeeth would have abrogated another)

E. Usage of Mukhtaliful Hadeeth

a. Ibn Hajar used to mean only for Jam

b. Imam Shafi’ee does not include Naskh

F. Mushkalul Hadeeth (Confusion in Hadeeth)

Happens in sound texts

S.No. Mukhtalif al Hadeeth Mushkalul Hadeeth

1 "Ikhtilaaf" means contradiction "Ishkaal" means confusion

2 Only conflict It could include Mukhtalif and may also contradict the Qur’aan

3 Meaning will be clear absurdity in the language due to use of Majaz (metaphor) and others

4 We go for 3 ways to resolve other evidences are sorted out to explain the intention of the statement

G. Qualities of Taa’rud

a. Tadaad : opposite

b. Authority: Of same authority

H. Ta’aarud al Haqeeqe (Real conflict) doesn’t take place in Qur’aan & Sunnah (Jamhoor)

a. Sunnah is nothing but Wahy (53:3,4 | 21:45)

b. If it is from other than Allaah, you would have found contradictions (4:72)

c. Takleef: Man cannot do two opposite orders at the same time

d. It implies ignorance of Allaah. Subhanallaah

e. Why do we have Naskh and Tarjeeh? These Tools indicate that real conflict will never take place

I. Reasons why conflict appears: (Imam Shafi’ee)

a. Regarding Narrator:

i. Lack of Memorization: Narrator asks question to Prophet but he memorize answer alone. (eg.: Hadeeth of Ubaadah ibn Samit. Prohibited sale of something for its value)

ii. Question of Adaa: How narrator delivers hadeeth (Hadeeth on engagement. Engage somebody already engaged and about permission)

b. Ignorance of Language and its usages

i. Knowledge of Aam and Khaas is important

ii. Eg.: "From a Muslim, his fellow Muslim’s honor and blood are protected." It seems conflicting with the hadeeth "Neighbour is not permitted to stop his neighbour to plant trees in his property" First one is general and second one is specific

iii. Eg.: "Whoever changes religion, person should be put to death". In another hadeeth, Prophet prohibited killing of women. Here it is Tahsees (Particularization)

c. Ignorance of Naskh

d. Ignorance about changes in circumstances and environment

J. How to deal with Ta’aarud? (Order of Approach)

a. Jamhoor (All Madh-hab and portion of Ahnaf)

i. Jam

ii. Tarjeeh

iii. Naskh

iv. Tawaquf (Stop and leave it as they are)

v. Choose one over another – Dangerous as it may imply naskh by us

vi. Al Baraa al Asliyah (Going to permission first: Origin of everything is permissible) – Dangerous as we may make something haram as halal

b. Hanafee

i. Naskh

ii. Tarjeeh

iii. At Tasakut (Leave both of the hadeeth rather search for other hadeeth)

In terms of tawaquf, we stop and don’t search for other text

iv. Search for Asl

v. Jam (Combination of various hadeeth)

Strange: Jam helps in respecting both authorities so this should be the preference

Hanfee claim Sahaabahs engaged in Tarjeeh first before others

K. Conclusions:

a. These conflicts are apparent and not real.

b. Apparent conflict appears mostly due to lack of skill

Chapter 14: Tarjeeh Discourse (Ways of Preference)

A. Definition:

a. Linguistic: Preference, weightier

b. Technical:

i. Explanation of the Mujtahid of the extra strength in one of the zanee evidences that are contradicting each other which he tried to combine

ii. Mujtahid:

Consideration of the necessary information ( Aware of sciences of hadeeth, jarh wa ta’deel, Fiqh, usool and so on)

its acceptability

the correct method of investigation is observed

the conclusions are authoritative by virtue of his/her observation of the necessary procedures

Searching for potentiality of hadeeth

iii. Ta’aarud Daahir:

Apparent contradiction

Happens in Ahad text

iv. Objective of Murajih is not to make ruling rather try to benefit from it

B. Three components of Tarjeeh

a. Number of different ways to do Tarjeeh which goes back to the Scholar involved. The below three components broadly covers all

i. Respect to Isnaad

ii. Respect to Matn

iii. Respect to External evidence

C. Conditions related to performing Tarjeeh

a. Person should be a Mujtahid

b. Text shouldn’t be Qatee rather it should be Zanee

i. Saheeh not with Da’eef

ii. Muttasil not with athar

c. There shouldn’t be possibility to combine both reports

d. There shouldn’t be Naskh

e. It shouldn’t be Mutawattir hadeeth

D. Hukm regarding Tarjeeh

a. Jamhoor: It is incumbent (wajib) upon us to act upon preferred hadeeth (Tarjeeh) over weaker hadeeth (Da’eef)

i. Practice of the companions

ii. When Mu’adh was sent to Yemen, he was asked several questions by the Prophet on how he would judge. Mu’adh said : Qur’aan is first recourse, then hadeeth, then Ijtihaad

iii. Fasting in the state of impurity (wet dream) of the Prophet was preferred by Sahaabahs over hadeeth which prohibits fasting in the state of janaba, narrated by Abu Hurayrah.

E. Tarjeeh in Isnaad

a. According to Rawi

i. Rawi’s whose Adaalah was agreed upon over whose adaalah was not agreed upon

ii. Rawi who was praised high over the less acknowledgment of Mastery

iii. Whoever is better in memory (Ahfaf) over the one who recorded in written documents

iv. Rawi who is knowledgeable in Fiqh over who has lesser understanding of Fiqh

v. Person who is concerned in the Hadeeth over who is not directly involved in the hadeeth

vi. Person who directly heard the hadeeth and narrated it over just heard from others or in public

vii. Person who is older preferred over youger person on the assumption younger one doesn’t have exposure, maturity as that of the older one

viii. Person whose name has no confusion (kalam) over person whose name has some confusion

ix. Person who is popularly known for his Thiqah and Adaalah over the one who is not popularly known but he is Thiqah and Adaalah

x. Whoever indeed studied from circles of Muhadithoon over who have not studied from the circles

xi. Geographical closeness to the Prophet

b. Isnaad according to Strength

i. Mutawattir preferred over Ahad

ii. Mashhoor over Ahad/Ghareeb

Hanafi disagree with this conditions as truth can be with one single person

iii. Muttasil over Mursal

iv. Unanimous agreement (Maqfu) over where some dispute taken place

v. Saheehayn (Bukharee and Mulim) over others

vi. Sanad al Alee (less tabaqat) over Sanad an Nazil (more tabaqat)

vii. Isnaad Hijaazi (from Arabia) over Isnaad Shaami (from Iraq)

F. Tarjeeh according to text of Hadeeth

a. Language of the text

i. Verbally communicated is preferred over that is communicated in meaning

ii. What has been unanimously agreed upon about its wording

iii. One which is free from I’tiraab (confusion) over that has some I’tiraab

iv. Explicit address over implicit one

v. Hadeeth which doesn’t have illa

vi. Hadeeth which gives us reason over one doesn’t give us reason

vii. Qawli (direct speech) over Fe’l (Actions)

viii. Qawli over Taqreer (approval)

ix. Fe’l over Taqreer (approval)

b. Meaning/implication of the text

i. Mahfoom Muwafaka (wording that means directly) over Mahfoom Mukhalafa (exclusions)

ii. Whatever intends clear meaning over which lacks this quality

c. Hukm of the text

i. Whatever is affirming is preferred over the hukm which negates

ii. Whatever is lighter in burden is preferred over the hukm which is easier in the burden

iii. Whatever does away with Al Baraa al Asliyah (everyone is innocent unless proven guilty )

iv. Prohibition over order (Nahy is to prevent any harm whereas order is to do something good)

v. Hukm of Haram over Ibaaha (permissible). Orgin of everything over permissibility

G. Tarjeeh in External Evidences

a. Supports meaning

b. Similar chains

c. Don’t support the meaning in addition to the practice of Madeenah

d. Whatever suits people of the time and Historical Scheme

Chapter 15: Takhreej al Hadeeth (FIR of Hadeeth)

A. Definition:

a. Way of attaching hadeeth to particular book, or to its narrator among Imam along with its authenticity, strength and Hukm

b. Eg.: So and so Hadeeth is in Bukharee volume 1 Book 1 and Hadeeth 1

B. Practical Benefit:

Help us in knowing the:

a. Source

b. Authenticity

c. Strength

d. Hukm of the Hadeeth

e. Precise Location of the hadeeth

C. Importance:

a. Every Islaamic student should be aware of.

b. It shows his level of Scholarship

D. Three Main form of Sources (pertaining to Takhreej)

a. Original Sources

Bukharee, Muslim, Kutub Sittah and so on which present hadeeth with sanad

b. Close to Original Sources

It also presents to Isnaad

It refers to Original sources

c. Non Original Sources

No complete Isnaad

Reference to books

E. Requirements to understand Takhreej:

a. Researcher must have some understanding of Arabic Language

b. Fair acquaintance with Hadeeth itself

F. Benefits of Hadeeth Takhreej

a. Gives you similar Hadeeth (more than one source)

b. Discussion about Ta’aarud at Tarjeeh

c. Status of Hadeeth

d. To understand conflicting reports

e. Knowing Tadlees

f. Various texts of Mutun (asbab an nuzool, ahkam, usooli aspect and so on)

g. Retrieval system of Hadeeth

G. Books of Takhreej

a. Musannafat – chapter arrangement

b. Musnad – Narrators Organization

c. Sihah – Authentic Hadeeth organization

d. Sunan – Fiqhee Organization

e. Mustadrikat – Very helpful in Takhreej. Presents same hadeeth with its own Isnaad and others

f. Mustakhrijaat – Books for Takhreej.

Imam Daaraqutnee – First person

i. He says "my shaykh mentioned this hadeeth and this hadeeth is in so an so sunan

Isnaad was still sought in earlier books

These days Isnaad is not presented anymore rather they are attaching the hadeeth to the book

Why the shift in approach of Takhreej?

i. Hadeeth were well documented

ii. Lack of Scholars

iii. Availability of Hadeeth

iv. Not belittling the credibility of earlier Scholars

H. Retrieval Process:

i. Searching for particular word in the hadeeth (Language)

Ghareeb al Hadeeth

i. gives hadeeth according to strange words

Mu’jam al Mufaharass

i. Alphabetical index dictionary of hadeeth terms

ii. Compiled by the Orientalist, Ant Gen Wensink along with Muhammad Faad al Bakhee

iii. It consists 8 books

i. Kutub sittah

ii. Muwatta

iii. Musnad Ahmad

iv. Sunan of Daarimee

iv. For each "word", this book gives various hadeeth and its chain

v. Tree of various chain gives thorough knowledge of the Hadeeth

vi. Saves your time

ii. Beginning of the Text (Matn)

Knowledge of the beginning of the text is required

Jaami as Sagheer of Imam Suyootee

i. Egyptian

ii. Died 911 H

iii. He managed to combine all of the existing collection

iv. This book is major window to various books

v. Criticism: Lacks lot of profound critic

vi. His objective is to collect, categorize and systemize

vii. Collected from more than 80 books

viii. Contains 46,624 hadeeth

ix. Divided into two main categories

i. Fe’liyah

ii. Qawliyah

iii. Not completely Qawliyah may contain taqreer and everything

x. Weakness: way it is arranged. Not easy system

i. Hadeeth

ii. Shahidh hadeeth (witness)

iii. Supporting evidences

iv. Relationship (related meanings)

xi. Hukm arrangement

i. Sihah hadeeth first [Saheeh Books]

ii. Contains Saheeh, Hasan, Da’eef Hadeeth [Like Tirimithee and so on]

iii. Weak Hadeeth [Thareek Baghdad and so on]

iii. Searching by Narrators

Musnad Ahmad

i. Arranged in name of Sahabee or Tabiee

ii. Not in Alphabetical order

iii. Not in arrangement of Senior Sahabaahs to later Sahaabahs

Ma’ajim as Sahabah

i. Sahaabah’s names in Alphabetical order

Atraf:

i. Top Rawi and then presents parts of hadeeth

ii. Atraf of Ibn Masud ad Damashqee

Fiqh classification

Muwatta Imam Malik

In which book and in which chapter, this fiqhee hadeeth is

iv. Character of the Hadeeth

Mu’allal, Mutawattir and so on

Difficult form

v. Random Retrieval

Internet

Beware some site may be dubious

Not reliable

I. Three forms of presenting Takhreej

a. Concise way: Author of the Book, name of the book, chapter of the book, number (eg.: Imam Bukharee)

b. Middle way: all the above, various chains, different text according to Isnaad. Any point of reference to particular way

c. Thorough way:

i. Sources in chronological order

ii. What chain is Aalee and what chain is Naazil

iii. Other above details

Chapter 16: Life of Great Hadeeth Scholars

A. Imam Al Bukharee

Name: Muhammad ibn Ismaael ibn Ibraheem ibn Mugheerah ibn Bardazee

Born in 194 H in Bukhara

Early Life:

a. His father Ismaeel:

i. He was scholar in his own right.

ii. Ismael met Imam Malik in Hajj

iii. He was known as Thiqaah.

iv. Passed away when Imam Bukharee was a kid leaving books and some wealth

b. From very young age, he possessed quality of memory and genius

c. He was very critical in accepting hadeeth from the young age

d. He performed Hajj in 215H with his mother and brother Ahmad

First Book:

a. Imam Bukharee composed his Thareek in Nabawi. His Thareek is not like history rather hadeeth book which has hadeeth related to History

Knowledge Transmission:

a. He was a Rahal (traveller) to ascertain hadeeth.

b. He become Network of hadeeth between various hadeeth scholars all around the World

c. He took hadeeth from 1080 people.

d. He memorized no hadeeth without Isnaad

e. Imam Bukharee was three generations away from the Prophet (Atba atba tabi’een)

His teachers:

a. Alee ibn al Madanee (161-264H) – He likened Imam Bukharee to himself

b. Ahmad ibn Handbal

c. Yahya ibn Mu’in

d. Ishaq ibn Raghawayah

Adab Consciousness:

a. He was a pious person

b. He was very cautious to not to perform any act which cause Shubuhath whether it remains halal or Mubah

Challenges

a. He was not free from envy of others

b. Muhammad ibn yahya ibn Duhlee in Naisapur

i. Students preferred Bukharee to learn than him so this made him envious

c. Governor, Khaliq ibn Ahmad ad Duhlee

i. He requested Imam Bukharee to come to his place to reach the hadeeth

ii. Imam Bukharee replied "Knowledge is taken and not given"

iii. Governor requested for private audience for his children

iv. Imam Bukharee replied "I dont want to limit knowledge"

v. Governor got agitated. He and Yahya ad Duhalee created controversy in his name "Khalq al Qur’aan"

vi. Imam Bukharee replied "Qur’aan is word of Allaah and asking question in this area is Bid’ah"

Compilation of Sahih Bukharee:

a. Ishaq ibn Raghaway made a casual statement to compile only a Saheeh hadeeth.

b. Saheeh contains moe than 6400 hadeeth

c. He taken 16 years to compile his Saheeh

d. Before recording any hadeeth, he would make wudoo and pray and then write down

e. Original name "Jaami as Saheeh"

i. Containing Saheeh hadeeth (no hasan or Da’ef or anything)

ii. Musnad Hadeeth (not to Sahabee or Tabi’ee)

iii. Taa wal Muasarah

f. His compilation set a new paradox in hadeeth field focusing on Saheeh hadeeth

g. He benefited from earlier works like Muwatta

h. Some of hadeeth isnaad are Muallaqat

B. Imam Muslim

Abul Hussain ibn Hallaaj al Muslim an Naysaburee (203 to 261 AH)

Contemporary, student, colleague of Imam Bukharee

His Book: Jaami as Saheeh

Contents: Only Authentic Hadeeth

Muslim’s conditions:

i. Ananah form of Tahammum is used which is mainly used by Mudalliseen

ii. It is not for required the levels of narrators should have met rather it is fine if they are contemporaries (Mu’asara). Here Imam Bukharee differs

Mulazama (long audience with Shaykh) is from

i. Imam Bukharee – 1st and 2nd Level

ii. Imam Muslim – 1st and predominantly 2nd and 3rd

In his preface, he mentioned his process of selection of Hadeeth

Highly educated in Illal Hadeeth (subtle blemish)

Arranged in Fiqhee order

Sahih Muslim helps in identifying a strong hadeeth as it combines various other isnaads

Mut’abat and Shawahidh Hadeeth are there in Sahih Muslim. These weak hadeeth are made strong with supporting evidences

Origin of this approach can be traced back to Risalah of Imam Shafi’ee. He discusses about this in his Mursal discussion

C. Imam Abu Dawood

Name: Abu Dawood ibn Sulaiman ibn Ash’ath ibn Amrul ash’ath as Sijjastanee (202 – 275 AH)

Teachers:

i. Ahmad ibn Hanbal

ii. Yahya ibn Mu’in (teachers of Imam Bukharee)

Testimony: Ibrahim al Harbi said "Hadeeth is elastic in hands of Abu Dawood like metal in the hands of Prophet Dawood"

His Book: Sunan al Kubra

Sunan contains

i. Musnad and Muttasil – 4008

ii. Mursal -600

iii. Total Hadeeth – 5274

Ahkam al Hadeeth

i. Hadeeth compiled on Fiqhee aspect

ii. Abu Yusuf compiled a book on Ahkam al Hadeeth

iii. Abi Dawood’s book contains Ahkam al Hadeeth and overshadowed Abu Yusuf’s compilation

iv. He follows organization like of Muwatta

He introduces category of Saleh hadeeth which is equivalent to Hasan Da’eef. Major part of his book is of this hadeeth

Criticism: He accepted lot of Mursal Hadeeth

His sub headings indicate his vast knowledge of Fiqh. In the category of Etiquette, he mentions 108 sub heading

Hadeeth of Fe’liyah, Qawliyah, Taqreer are in Abu Dawood

D. Imam An Nasaee

Name: Abu Abdur rahman Ahmad ibn Shuvayb an Nasa’ee (215 -303 AH)

He met Shaykh Harith al Maskhin but he never allows anyone who is wearing wearing quba to attend his as he thinks them to be from authority. So Shaykh Harith denied class for Nasa’ee who is wearing Quba

So Imam an Nasa’ee records his hadeeth stating "heard at the doors of al Haarith"

Sunan al Kubra is his book which has different topics

Another Book Al Mujtaba -" The chosen" which contains hadeeth on Ahkam. It is now known as Sunan an Nasaee

He does lot of repetition

Lot of hadeeth found in Nasa’ee is in Shaheehayn

E. Imam Tirimidhee

Aboo Eesa Muhammaad ibnEeasa ibn Saura at Tirimidhee (209 -279 AH)

Teachers:

a. Ishaaq ibn Raghaway

b. Studied under teachers of Imam Bukharee and Muslim

Introduced new category: Hasan

Scholar of Illal hadeeth

He’s able to navigate between Saheeh and Da’eef

Book: Jaami at Tirimidhee

He presents usool al Fiqh, Usool al Hadeeth in his work

He had different ranges of Hasan

He mentioned reason for rejecting the Hadeeth

One would be able to narrate hadeeth with strong memory but deteriorates after time; hadeeth will be taken when they are strong. We wont rule all their Hadeeth outright

He categorized hadeeth in Thematic approach

F. Imam Ibn Hajar al Asqalani

Early Life of Imam Ibn Hajar al Asqalani

a. Ahmad ibn Ali Muhammaad ibn Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad Shihabudeen Asqalanee

b. Born in 27 Shabban 773H

c. Name Ibn Hajar has number of theories

i. Particular tribe

ii. This tribe is being Yemen

iii. Testimony of Ibn Hajar: It is name given to one of the ancestors and he doesn’t know to whom it was given

d. Egyptian and lived in Cairo

Education:

a. Lived after the time of Salahudeen al Ayoobee and under the reign of Malmuks

b. Under this reign, Scholarship flourished

c. He came from the family of Merchants

d. His father passed away when he was less than four and brought up in the guardianship of Zaqiudeen and then under Ibn Khattan who is a Scholar by himself

e. He travelled to Makkah for Hajj (785 AH) and he spent 1 years there

f. He listened to Sahih Bukharee there in the house of his gaurdian

g. He learnt Fiqh, History, poetry, logic and this helped him in bringing wide birth of sciences into his work

h. His Guardian passed away in 1385 and he stopped his formal education for three years

i. He resumed when he was put under guardianship of Ibn Kattan who was a Scholar

His Teachers

a. IbnKhaldun, Historian who written Muqaddima

b. In 796 AH, He received Ijaaza from Aburrahman al Iraqee

c. Ibn Hajar travelled with him (Mulazama)

Overview of Fath al Baree:

a. He written Fath al Baree which is explanation of Sahih Bukharee consisting of 18 volumes where final two volumes are just index

b. Introduction to Life of Imam Bukharee

c. Good explanation of Imam Bukharee’s methodology

d. He explained systematic way of compilation and Systematic classification

e. Two voluminous index (550 -600 pages each)

i. Matn arranged alphabetically

ii. Arrangement according to Rawi

f. List of various kunyas

g. Appreciation of Imam al Bukharee

His Scholarship

a. He analyze the Hadeeth with very sharp scale

b. He collects from wide range of sources like rest of works of Imam Bukharee, works of Sunan, Imam Muslim and so on

c. He is Imam in Jarh wa ta’deel

d. He mentions History of Isnaad in Fath and various form of criticism

e. Almost, all kind of sciences are presented in this work

f. Some say: "There is no Hijrah after Fath and no Hijrah after Fath al baree" !🙂

Sample: Hadeeth of intention

a. Alqama is Sahabah so this hadeeth contains two sahaabah and 3 tabi’ee

b. Why Imam Bukharee chose this hadeeth as part of the chapter Revelation?

c. Imam Bayhaqee explains how it is third of Islaam because it is part of action of the heart which one among action of tongue and limbs

d. He breaks the hadeeth into clause and discuss in detail

Sl. No. Clause Explanation

1 "The reward of deeds depends upon the intentions 1. He discusses whether "Intention" is rukoon or Shart
2. Discusses about Intention from different dimension in detail
3. What is covered in "intention" and what is not?
4. Discusses about contention of Intention

2 and every person will get the reward according to what he has intended Deeds

3 So whoever emigrated for worldly benefits or for a woman to marry, his emigration was for what he emigrated for." Types of Hijrah

-

- e.In addition he explains history of chain and its criticism

Chapter 17: Role of Women in the institution of Hadeeth

A. Role of Women before Islaam

a. Custom to bury female new born as they believed it will bring burden to the family (16:28, 29)

b. Misfortunes

B. Role of Women in Qur’aan

a. Qur’aan views women in virtue of their creation

b. They are like men who have certain rights (4:1-4)

c. We share in abilities, rights and so on

d. Women are not inferior in Islaam

e. There is no original Sin or sin of man

f. Islaam viewed women with independent status

g. She has right to worship Allaah and accountable for her acts on Day of judgment

h. Allaah attaches certain respect to Women (Luqman 31:14)

i. Hadeeth about one’s mother ["Your Mother" three times…]

ii. Pregnancy, child birth are praised

C. Difference between Riwayah and Shahadha

a. Riwayah is narration

b. Shahadha is witnessing

i. In general, two women’s witness equal to one men’s witness (Business agreements)

ii. Men are more knowledgeable in contracts than women as they travel much and aware of idioms

iii. This verse is not denying women rather gives her power

D. Women in narrating Hadeeth

a. In conditions of Rawi, it has nothing to do with gender

i. Among the major narrators were Aisha, Umm Salama

ii. Some of the Golden chains trace back to Aisha or Umm Salama

b. Narration:

i. No difference between Man and Women

ii. Issue: Fatima Bint Qays and Umar. Umar rejected as she has not met the conditions (Mukhtafal Qur’aan) and not for being women

E. Active Roles:

a. Umm kalthum performed Hijrah

b. Surah Mumtahinah:13 – Muslim Women cannot be returned to Non Muslim relatives

c. Women have participated in Hijrah, Bayyatul Aqaba, Sharjah, upbringing of children and society

d. Women asked questions to Prophet regarding

i. Wet dream

ii. Hayd

iii. Nifaas

iv. If you take Fiqh books and read on these chapters, you can see number of women narrating the Hadeeth

e. Aisha praised Ansar women for not being shy in seeking knowledge

f. Memorization:

i. Fatima bint Qays narrated Hadeeth regarding Dajjal which was the dialogue between Prophet and Tamim ad Dari. Tabari written a book compiling long hadeeth

ii. Imam Malik’s daughter memorized Muwatta and she will correct anyone who makes mistakes by sitting on the side room of the class

g. Addeeba al Madaneeyah

i. Started her career as slave women

ii. Well versed in Hadeeth literature

ii. Early scholar who memorized Muwatta

iii. Daughter of the scholar of Baghdad. Abu Nasar Deenawari known for Hadeeth narrations and calligraphy

h. Ummul Kareemah al Marwaziyah

i. One of her Isnaad is strongest Isnaad

F. Learning Forums for Women

a. Teaching of Prophet was directed to Men and Women

b. Public Lectures

c. Hadeeth Conferences held in Hajj, Damascus, Madeenah in those days

d. Hadeeth Schools

e. Masjids

f. There were travelers for Hadeeth also

i. Kareemah binth al Marwaziyah

ii. Umm Abdur Rahman andalusee

iii. Fatimah binth Saad

She transported knowledge from Mangol attacked area to other parts of world like Isbahan and so on

g. Muslim History is a masculine History, denying the rights of women is a absurd Myth

G. Historical Development of Hadeeth among Women

a. Stage 1: Sahaabiyaath (1-2 AH)

b. Stage 2: More Men and less Women (2-5 AH)

i. Required lot of travelling so there was decline among Women

ii. Women Muhadeethath remained in their homes

c. Stage 3: Women Muhadeethath in large number (6-9 AH)

i. Crusades in Palestine

ii. Mangol Invasion

iii. Lot of Men were engaged in Jihad

iv. Centers of learning were migrated where some Muhadeethath were already there

v. Ibn Najjar, Hadeeth scholar received Hadeeth from 400 women

vi. Ibn asakir, author of Tareekh ad Damishkh received from 80 women

d. Stage 4: General decline of Muslim Scholarship (10-15 AH)

i. Quraysh at Tabaria in Makkah. Many received knowledge from her

ii. Ummul Khayr Khaleed al Damshqeeyah (mentioned in book of Suyoote that some strong chain declined because of her death)

Appendix A: Textual reading from Jaami al Uloom al Hikam

A. Overview of Jaami al Uloom al Hikam

a. Written by Ibn Rajab al Hanbalee (d.795 AH)

b. Compilation of knowledge in different fields

c. It contains 50 Hadeeth (40 Hadeeth an Nawawee + 10 Hadeeth)

d. Difference between this work and Fath al Baree

i. Fath focus on Saheeh Bukharee and massive work

ii. Jami al Uloom picks hadeeth and smaller work

iii. Both have similar approach

e. Systematic approach and have consistency all through the work

f. It does repetition of different riwayah, similar opinions, Ahkam

B. Sample: Hadeeth of Eeman/Jibreel

a. Imam Muslim is the single person who has done Takhreej of hadeeth from Imam Bukharee

b. Presents all related hadeeth which has similarity in meaning (Shahidh) and gives clear picture

c. He prefers some hadeeth in the list of hadeeth he mentioned

d. Explanation of Hadeeth

i. First testimony

ii. Aamal al Daahirah: Islam is inclusive of verbal, physical, financial and mixture form of act

iii. Linguistic understanding and he supports it with the text from Kitaab and Sunnah

iv. Whether Islaam and Iman mean the same thing?

v. He presents views of different Schools with evidences

vi. If Islaam used independently, we mean Islaam, Eeman and Ihsan

vii. If Emaan used independently, we mean Eeman and Ihsan

viii. When Islaam and Emaan are used together, Eeman is in the heart and Islaam is apparent physical manifestation of the belief (49:14)

ix. Ehsan is used in Qur’aan to mean Islaam and Eeman (5:93)

x. If we don’t know we have to say "I don know"

xi. Conditions that leads to the Day of Judgement

People will disrespect their mothers

Barefoot naked people who become role model for the society

e. Takhreej

i. Isnaad: He given related Isnaad (Comparative study)

ii. Tarjeeh for Isnaad

iii. Mentions some of Ilm Rijaal

Appendix B: Sciences of Hadeeth as critical apparatus in preserving Hadeeth

"If Allaah have not given any science to this Ummah except Uloom al Hadeeth, it is sufficient as a proof for Islaam"

Islaam is the religion which is blessed with number of sciences. Among it, Uloom al Hadeeth has different branches of sciences which preserves the Hadeeth of the Prophet for more than 1400 years and will preserve it till the day of Judgement.

Though Uloom al hadeeth is rich with ample amount of sciences , it can be categorized as follows

A. Broader Sciences:

a. Any Hadeeth is comprised basically of two components

i. Isnaad (Chain)

ii. Matn (Text)

b. The science which deals with Chains and scrutinize it from different angles with different tools to confirm its origin is called Ilmud Diraayah

c. The Science which studies reality/original text of the hadeeth from different dimensions to give practical implication in our life is called Ilmur Riwayah

d. There are certain sciences which absorbs both the above mentioned sciences in giving different benefits such as Ta’aarud wa tarjeeh which deals with chain and text in terms of preference when there is apparent conflict

e. Now let us see how each science played a role of critical apparatus

B. Ilmud Diraayah (Testing the Chain)

a. Ilm Tahammul al Hadeeth (Process of Transmission)

i. This Science with very precise wordings such as Haddathna, Akhbarna indicates to the reader how the hadeeth was received or transmitted

ii. Further this science indicates certainty which helps in deriving ahkam in addition to the demonstration of Historical evolution of that particular hadeeth

b. Ilm Rijaal al Hadeeth/Asmaa ar Rijaal (History of the narrator)

i. In the due course of transmission process, there developed an science Asmaa ar Rijaal, which captured the historical background of the one who narrates the hadeeth from birth to death, character to manners and so on to the effect of history of the Rawi (narrator).

ii. This helped in protecting the credibility of authentic chains of the hadeeth

c. Ilm Jarh wa ta’deel (Condition of the narrator)

i. With the help of knowledge from Rijaal al Hadeeth, Jarh wa ta’deel helped in scrutinizing the chain from the perspective of the narrator whether he is the praised one (ta’deel) or he is dispraised (Jarh)

ii. This dictates conditions of the narrator

iii. Oldest name of this science is Naqd al Hadeeth

d. Ilm Mustalah al Hadeeth (Principles of Hadeeth)

i. This is really a usool of Hadeeth which gives the comprehensive information about Hadeeth with the help of terminologies

ii. This Science clarifies the following

From where the hadeeth is originated? eg.: Qudsi, Marfu

How good the link between the levels (Tabaqat)? eg.: Musnad, Mursal

How many narrators involved in the transmission? eg.: Mutawattir, Ahad

What is the nature of the text and the Isnaad? eg.: Musnad, Mudraj

What is the reliability level and memory of the narrator? eg.: Sahih, Da’eef

iii. Greatest benefit of this science is that it gives us the Hukm of the hadeeth whether we have to accept or reject

C. Ilmur Riwayah (Testing the Text)

a. Ilm Mukhtalifal Hadeeth (Handling Conflict)

i. After Hadeeth is confirmed with the help of sciences of Riwayah that it is truly the hadeeth from the Prophet, then focus is turned to text of the hadeeth

ii. Mukhtalifal Hadeeth informs us how one should handle when there is apparent conflict between two authentic hadeeth

iii. Tools this Science provides for resolution are as follows:

Can we combine two hadeeth? – Jam

If not, Can we prefer one hadeeth over the other? – Tarjeeh

If not, Check whether any of the hadeeth was abrogated? – Naskh

iv. This Science helps saves us from the greatest sin of rejection of Hadeeth and derives benefit of the hadeeth

b. Ilm Ghareeb al Hadeeth (Strange words are no more strange)

i. This science helps one to understand the strange words in the hadeeth and helps in studying the hadeeth from linguistic dimension for proper understanding

c. Ilm Naasikh wa Mansookhi

i. This science helps in deriving the legislation of the hadeeth and demonstrates how hadeeth also followed Qur’aans gradual way of legislation and bringing/abrogating law based on needs and necessities

ii. This informs us which hadeeth abrogates which hadeeth and so on

d. Fiqh al Hadeeth (Ruling from the Hadeeth)

i. This science tries to compile all the hadeeth that are relevant for Fiqh rulings such as the books of Abu Yusuf, Abu Dawood, A’laam al-Muwaqqi’een of Ibn al-Qayyim al-Jawziyyah and others

ii. This science ultimately gives the fruit of the hadeeth

D. Both Diraayah and Riwayah

After studying the Isnaad and text from different dimensions, there are certain sciences which studies in combination of text and chain and gives us numerous benefits

a. Ilm Ilal Hadeeth (Microscopic Lens)

i. This science helps in finding any subtle defects either in Isnaad or in the text.

ii. Challenging study which requires sound knowledge of different sciences of hadeeth and specialists like Imam Muslim, Abu Dawood and later scholars like Shaykh Albanee are known for it

b. Ilm al Ta’aarud wa tarjeeh (Conflict and Preference)

i. When there is apparent conflict, this science helps in determining which hadeeth can be preferred over the other by means of following preferences

Tarjeeh in Isnaad according to Rawi and strength of the chain

Tarjeeh in the text according to language, meaning and implication

Whether Tarjeeh can be determined from the external sources

c. Ilm Takhreej al Hadeeth (Retrieval Process)

i. This science helps in retrieving the hadeeth and gives one stop information about the hadeeth such as

Where this hadeeth can be found?

Condition of the Rawi

Hukm of the hadeeth

Related hadeeth and versions

Supporting hadeeth and so on

E. Conclusion

Thus the above sciences tests/critically analyses the hadeeth from the perspective of components of the hadeeth producing authoritative results and establishes hadeeth as the credible source for knowledge and implementation. All this scrutiny has been employed not only to ascertain the originality of the revelation but also eases the way for most part of Islaamic Sciences such as Fiqh which highly depends on Uloom al Hadeeth.

CLASS	DESCRIPTION	TERMINOLOGY
1st	The companions of the Prophet (?)	Sahaabee/Sahaabeeyyah; Lahu Suhbah
2nd	Highly praised narrators due to their impeccable memories	Thiqah thiqah; Thiqah Haafith; or Awthaq an-Naas
3rd	Generally reliable narrators	Thiqah; Mutqin; Thabt or ‘Adl
4th	Truthful narrators whose reliability is slightly tainted because of occasional mistakes	Sadooq; Laa bas bih or Laysa bihi bas
5th	Truthful narrators known to make mistakes due to poor memories, senility, misinterpretations or the like. Also included in this group are those accused of any of the following forms of Bid’ah Tashayyu’, Qadr, Nasb, Irjaa or Tajahhum.	Sadooq yukhti; Yahim; Sayyi al-Hifth; Lahu awhaam or Taghayyara bi aakhirah
6th	A narrator of only a few hadeeths whose rejected hadeeths are not due to defects found in him. His hadeeths should be checked out	Maqbool / Maqboolah
7th	One from whom more than one narrator has reported hadeeths but he has not been classified as Thiqah.	Mastoor or Majhool al-haal
8th	A narrator who has been criticized of being unreliable	Da‘eef
9th	A narrator from whom only one other narrator has reported hadeeths and he or she is not considered Thiqah.	Majool
10th	An unreliable narrator in the opinion of all	Matrook; Saaqit; Matrooq al-hadeeth or Waahin al-hadeeth
11th	One accused of lies	Uttuhima bil-kathib
12th	One who is classified as a liar or fabricator	Kaththaab or Waddaa’
- e. As Imam Ibn Hajar came much later, these many levels and focus

S.No	Takshees	Naskh
1	Takhsees specifies some part of earlier hukm	Naskh completely abrogates earlier text
2	Takshsees can take place by Daleel Aql (logical evidence)	Naskh take place by Naql
3	Takhsees not necessarily need to be a later Hukm	Naskh must be a later Hukm
4	Takhsees gives explanation of earlier text	Naskh does away with the earlier text
- b. Taqyeed (Restriction)
- i. No conflict with original text
- ii. Can happen initial or later
- iii. It will not do away with original Hukm rather just restricts
- c. Bad’aa
- i. Making something apparent (39:47)
- ii. New opinion is presented when there is no initial idea (12:35 – knowledge of something which was not once there)
- iii. It is known according to circumstance
- iv. It is to do away with the text
- v. Bad’aa comes from created being whereas Naskh comes from Allaah alone as it undermines Allaah of perfect Knowledge

S.No.	Mukhtalif al Hadeeth	Mushkalul Hadeeth
1	"Ikhtilaaf" means contradiction	"Ishkaal" means confusion
2	Only conflict	It could include Mukhtalif and may also contradict the Qur’aan
3	Meaning will be clear	absurdity in the language due to use of Majaz (metaphor) and others
4	We go for 3 ways to resolve	other evidences are sorted out to explain the intention of the statement

Sl. No.	Clause	Explanation
1	"The reward of deeds depends upon the intentions	1. He discusses whether "Intention" is rukoon or Shart 2. Discusses about Intention from different dimension in detail 3. What is covered in "intention" and what is not? 4. Discusses about contention of Intention
2	and every person will get the reward according to what he has intended	Deeds
3	So whoever emigrated for worldly benefits or for a woman to marry, his emigration was for what he emigrated for."	Types of Hijrah
-
- e.In addition he explains history of chain and its criticism

Science of Hadith

Part 1

Course Objective

Chapter 1: Introduction to Usool al Hadeeth

A. Definition of Usool al Hadeeth:

B. Objectives:

C. Definition of Hadeeth:

D. Definition of Sunnah

E. Is Sunnah and Hadeeth are Synonymous?

F. Authority of Sunnah

G. Hadeeth Complements Qur’aan – Functions of Hadeeth

Chapter 2: History of Recording of Hadeeth

A. Introductory Comment:

B. 62:2 – Was all the Arabs unlettered ones?

C. Why hadeeth was not recorded in the first stage of Islaam?

D. Early Written Records:

E. System and attitude towards Recording

F. Early Hadeeth Literature

G. Features of Hadeeth enquiry at that time

Chapter 3: Historical Outlook at development of Usool

A. Role of the travelers of Hadeeth

B. Commencement of developing Procedures to protect the Hadeeth

C. Role of Public Institutions

D. How conditions of transmission of Hadeeth developed?

Chapter 4: Transmission of Hadeeth

A. Tahammul al Hadeeth:

B. 8 Popular forms: (range in strength and vary in forms)

C. Benefits:

Chapter 5: Ilmul Diraayah and Ilmul Riwayah

A. Two major Sciences of Hadeeth

B. Definition of Ilmul Riwayah

C. Definition of Ilmul Diraayah

D. Sciences related to Ilmud Diraayah

E. Literature related to Ilmur Riwayah

Chapter 6: Conditions for acceptability of Rawi (Narrator)

A. Four Conditions for Legitimacy of the narrator:

B. Historical outlook:

C. What is Jarh wa ta’deel?

D. Conditions of Jarh

E. Conditions of Jarh attached to Adaalah (Honesty)

F. Conditions of Jarh attached to Dabt (accuracy)

G. How to deal with conflicting reports?

H. Levels of Jarh wa ta’deel

Chapter 7: Classifications of Hadeeth terminologies (Ilm Mustalah al Hadeeth)

A. Introduction

B. Ranges of authenticity:

C. Saheeh Hadeeth

D. Hadeeth Hasan

E. Hadeeth Da’eef

F. According to hidden defect found in the Isnaad or text

G. According to nature of the text and Isnaad

H. Hadeeth al Matrook (Discarded)

I. Rulings of Hadeeth al Mauquf

J. Rulings of Hadeeth al Maqtu

K. Where Da’eef Hadeeth is allowed to be used?

L. Hadeeth categories which may be Saheeh/Hasan/Da’eef

M. How Hadeeth elevated?

N. Hadeeth al Mutaabih

O. Hadeeth as Shahidh

P. Hadeeth al Mudaraj

Q. Hadeeth Musalsal

R. Hadeeth al Musahhaf

S. Hadeeth al Muharaf:

T. Points on Criticism

U. Mawdoo

Chapter 8: Shuboohath(Controversies) leveled against Hadeeth

A. Declaration: Islaam is a protected source of learning and safeguarded from controversies

B. Enemies who leveled controversies:

C. Historical background of Shuboohath:

D. Reason for Shuboohath:

E. Shuboohath 1: Qur’aan alone is sufficient and no need for Sunnah

F. Shuboohath 2: Sunnah was not preserved as promise was to preserve the Qur’aan

G. Shuboohath 3: Prohibition to write Hadeeth

H. Shuboohath 4: Later publications/written recording of Habeeth

I. Shuboohath 5: Fabrications of Hadeeth

J. Shuboohath 6: Ulema of hadeeth focused only on purifying Isnaad and not on purifying Matn

K. Shuboohath 7: Prophet never written letter (Hadeeth) to other rulers

L. Factors that led to these controversies

Chapter 9: Practice of Storytelling in Islaam

A. Why do we study?